1. Room assignments for Bio200A Exam #2 Friday, Nov. 9th, 5:00—6:50 PM
Knox 20
Knox 104
A1 (Tues 9:30 am 210 Cooke) Piers Whitaker
A9 (Wed 4:30 pm 218 Hochstetter) Ahana Byne
A2 (Tues 9:30 am 218 Hochstetter) Michael Pringle
A10 (Wed 4:30 pm 237 Hochstetter) Anthony Marino
A3 (Tues 9:30 am 223 Hochstetter) Josh Taubman
A11 (Thurs 9:30 am 210 Cooke) Victoria Tung
A4 (Tues 9:30 am 237 Hochstetter) Savannah Sojka
A12 (Thurs 9:30 am 218 Hochstetter) Matt Vandermeulen
A5 (Tues 7:30 pm 210 Cooke) Itzel Valencia
A6 (Tues 7:30 pm 223 Hochstetter) Andrea Tufekcic
Knox110
A7 (Wed 1:00 pm 210 Cooke) Tim Luk
A13 (Thurs 9:30 am 223 Cooke) Ramya Sridhar
A8 (Wed 1:00 pm 223 Hochstetter) David Huang
A14 (Thur 9:30 am 237 Hochstetter) Holly O’Shea
A15 (Mon 4:30 pm 210 Cooke) Chen Gong
A16 (Mon 4:30 pm 218 Hochstetter) Aditi Chaubey

2. FUNGI

3. Largest organism in the world is a fungus
It occupies 2,384 acres (965 hectares) of soil in Oregon's Blue Mountains. This humongous fungus would encompass 1,665 football fields, or nearly four square miles (10 square kilometers) of turf.
~2,500 + years old
Honey mushrooms
Parasite of conifers

4. Fungi were the first land organisms probably as lichens.
Fungi were the largest land organisms at the time of the Bryophytes; giant fungi up to 9 meters tall. Prototaxites
sporophytes
Possibly a lichen?

5. What characteristic would be absent in the Fungi
A) 9+2 flagella
B) Chitinous cell walls
C) Spores
D) Heterotrophic feeding
E) All would be present 1

6. reported to infect humans.
Over 600 fungal species
reported to infect humans.
Ringworm

7. Kingdom Fungi (Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, feeding by external digestion)
Rigid cell walls of chitin or cellulose
Hyphae = tubular thread-like cells
Mycelium = mat-like network of hyphae

9. Which taxon is most closely related to Fungi?
Animals
Plants
Slime molds
Green algae
Cyanobacteria 1

10. Plants
Animals
Fungi
1.5 Billion Years Ago
Protista

12. Four Major Groups of Fungi
1) Chytridiomycota
--simplest fungi
& with flagellated cells in the life cycle
Previously grouped with the Protista

13. Skin parasites on amphibians & causing their
world-wide decline.
Parasite came from Korea when international trade in amphibians exploded in 20th century

15. Four Major Groups of Fungi
1) Chytridiomycota
Note: both male & female
gametes have flagella
& so do the zygote
& the spores!

16. Four Major Groups of Fungi
2) Zygomycota Bread Mold fungus

17. Four Major Groups of Fungi
2) Zygomycota

18. Four Major Groups of Fungi
3) Ascomycota (= sac fungi; produce spores in sacs= asci)
Cup fungi

20. Penicillium fungus

21. Four Major Groups of Fungi
3) Ascomycota e.g. Yeast
C6H12O CH3CH20H + CO2 + ATP
Sugar Ethyl alcohol

22. What are the chemical steps called where sugar is broken down to release energy just prior to the production of alcohol?
Glycolysis
Nitrogen fixation
Autotrophism
Krebs cycle
Chemotrophism 1

23. Four Major Groups of Fungi
3) Ascomycota (= sac fungi; produce spores in sacs= asci)
e.g. Morel
Ascomycota produce the “earthy” smell of soil

24. Four Major Groups of Fungi
3) Ascomycota e.g. truffles (Underground fungi)

25. Truffles
The record price paid for a single white truffle was set in December 2007, when Macau casino owner Stanley Ho paid $330,000 (£165,000) for a specimen weighing 1.5kg (3.3lb), discovered by Luciano Savini and his dog Rocco

26. Four Major Groups of Fungi
4) Basidiomycota (= club fungi; produce spores in club-shaped structures= basidia)

27. Four Major Groups of Fungi
4) Basidiomycota (= club fungi; produce spores in club-shaped structures= basidia)

28. Four Major Groups of Fungi
4) Basidiomycota

29. Four Major Groups of Fungi
4) Basidiomycota
Polypores

30. Four Major Groups of Fungi
4) Basidiomycota
Coral Fungus

31. D) Dikaryotic hyphae form E) Ascus development
What is the next stage in the life cycle of a mushroom fungus after the plus (+) and minus (-) strains of hyphae fuse in the soil?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) Fertilization
D) Dikaryotic hyphae form
E) Ascus development 1

32. Types of Nutrition in Fungi
Heterotrophic
1) Parasitic (e.g. athlete’s foot, ring worm, jock itch;
Chestnut Blight; Potato Blight)
2) Predators (150 species of fungi trap and digest soil nematodes using adhesive knobs or loops)
3) Saprotrophic (= decomposers consuming dead organisms by external digestion)
4) Mutualistic (e.g. ants & “fungal farming,”
lichens & mycorrhizae)

33. Fungi as Parasites
Bat White Nose Syndrome

34. Fungi as Predators
Nematode Trapping Fungi

35. Fungi as Saprotrophs (Decomposers)

36. Fungi as Mutualists
Lichens

37. Lichens are often Species of green algae Species of bacteria
A mutualistic association of unicellular algae and bacteria
A mutualistic association of eukaryotic species
None of the above 1

38. Algae (often green algae) + fungi
Fungus
Algae
Fungus
Fungus
Often yeasts are part of the symbiosis, meaning 2 fungi are involved.

39. Mycorrhizae = Symbiotic fungi living within the root system of plants.
80% of plant species depend on mycorrhizae
They gain photosynthetic products from plants
They greatly increase the surface area of roots ( times) & increase the uptake of water & minerals (especially nitrogen & phosphorous).
The fungi take in plant carbohydrates in exchange.
20% of photosynthesis can go to mycorrhizae

40. Mycorrhizae

42. Mycorrhizae

43. Many plant partners
The fungal network allows plants to exchange nutrients. Resource sharing by fungal networks.
More than 400 plants parasitize the system. They lack chlorophyll and don’t photosynthesize but rely on carbon from the mycorrhizae. (e.g. some orchids)

44. Two Types of Mycorrhizae
Glomeromycota

45. Different Reproductive Structures of the Phyla of Fungi

46. Fungus Evolution Dikarya (n + n) Monokarya Glomeromycota Basidiomycota
Ascomycota
Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota
Dikarya
(n + n)
Monokarya
Flagellated protozoan

47. Fungus Evolution 400 mya Earliest fungal fossil 1.2 BYA Basidiomycota
Ascomycota
Glomeromycota
Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota
400 mya
Colonized land long before plants
Earliest fungal fossil 1.2 BYA
Flagellated protozoan

48. Where would you place the Ascomycota?
Flagellates B C D E 1

49. If someone answered “E” should we mark it wrong?
Flagellates B C
A No
B Yes
C I am not sure D E 1

50. Next Lecture:
ANIMALS &
THE CAMBRIAN
EXPLOSION