1. Classification/Taxonomy

2. Why Classify? To study the diversity of life, biologists use a
classification system to name organisms,
group them in a logical manner, and study
evolutionary relationships.

3. In other words, naming things.
Taxonomy
Defined:
Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name.
In other words, naming things.

4. Why common names don’t work
1. Common names vary among different languages.
Cat
Arabic: quttah
Czech: kocka
French: chat
German: katze
Japanese: neko
Russian: kotchka
Spanish: gato

5. Why common names don’t work
2. Common names vary among different countries.
Example:
United Kingdom – Buzzard refers to a hawk
United States – Buzzard refers to a vulture
Red-tailed Hawk
Honey Buzzard
Turkey Vulture

6. Why common names don’t work
3. Many species have several common names.
Sand tiger shark
Sand shark
Gray nurse shark

7. Why common names don’t work
4. Same common name used for different species
Dolphin
Dolphin
Mahi mahi
Turciops truncatus

8. First Attempt to Classify
Aristotle (Greek Philosopher)
* About 300 BC
* Classified based on method of reproduction
* Used the words like “genera” and “species”
* Grouped animals between those with blood and
those without blood
* He had many errors in his classification system, but it
was used until the 1700s

9. Carolus Linnaeus
(1707 – 1778)
Created the system of naming we use today.
In taxonomy, a group or level of organization is called a taxonomic category or taxon.

10. Binomial Nomenclature
“Bi” means 2
“nomial” means naming
Nomenclature means “the system of”
Defined:
In Binomial Nomenclature, each species is assigned a two-part scientific name. (genus & species)

11. What do these mean?...lets see
Here We Go… Polar Bear
*Do NOT have to write*
Species: maritimus
Genus: Ursus
Family: Ursidae
Order: Carnivora
Class: Mammalia
Phylum: Chordata
Kingdom: Animilia
What do these mean?...lets see

12. What they mean *Do NOT have to write*
Species: maritimus (lives in marine environment)
Genus: Ursus (kind of bear)
Family: Ursidae (larger category of bears)
Order: Carnivora (meat-eating animals)
Class: Mammalia (warm-blooded, hair, & milk)
Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates)
Kingdom: Animilia (there are 6 kingdoms)

13. Da King Phillip Came Over For Green Salad
How to remember:
Da King Phillip Came Over For Green Salad
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

14. Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Carnivora
Family
Ursidae
Genus Ursus
Species
maritimus

15. Uniqueness: Every SCIENTIFIC NAME has to be unique.
Rules of the Game
Uniqueness: Every SCIENTIFIC NAME has to be unique.
Universality: Zoologists have adopted, by International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a set of rules for naming animals. All animals are given a generic name (common name) and specific name in Latin &/or Greek (scientific name).
These names are in italics when TYPED
or are underlined when HAND WRITTEN.
Human: Homo sapiens
Lion: Panthera leo

16. Felis Genus species domestica margarita negripes
If these three species belong to the same genus, they are descended from a common ancestor.
Felis domestica
domestica
Domestic Cat
Felis
Felis negripes
negripes
Black Footed Cat
Felis margarita
margarita
Sand cat`

17. First Used ONLY Morphology
Animal Systematics
First Used ONLY Morphology
Morphology is dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.

18. Classification Using Cladograms
Cladogram: A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.

19. A Problem with Traditional Classification
Traditional classification systems relied on body structure comparisons
only (not DNA)
Due to convergent evolution, organisms that are quite different from each
other evolve similar body structures.
Convergent Evolution: Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments.
Sugar Glider…
Live in Australia
Look similar, but totally unrelated!
Flying Squirrel…
Live in the US (GA)

20. Another Problem with Traditional Classification
Example: The Crab, The barnacle, & The limpet
The barnacle and the limpet have similarly shaped shells & look alike
The crab has a very different body form
Based on anatomy, the barnacle & limpet could be classified together and the crab in a different group.

21. This incorrect because crabs and barnacles are actually related

22. Modern Principles of Classification
The key mechanism to evolution is Natural Selection.
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. 
Modern classification has been revised to reflect
Darwinian Principle of common descent

23. Modern Principles of Classification
Divergent Evolution: Occurs when species evolve in several directions away from a common ancestor.
This happens usually to fill a vacant ecological niche. This is also known as adaptive radiation.

24. Evidence of Natural Selection
Vestigial Structure: A structure in an organism that has lost all or most of its original function in the course of evolution.
Reduced legs in snakes
Appendix in humans
Pelvis in whales
Tail bone in humans

25. Evolutionary Classification/Systematics
Biologists now group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, not just physical similarities
Evolution Classification (Systematics): Is the strategy of grouping organisms together based on their evolutionary history.

26. You can also see that ALL have a free swimming larva stage
Crustaceans
Gastropods
Molted Exoskeleton
You can also see that ALL have a free swimming larva stage
Segmentation
Free swimming Larva

27. The Three-Domain System
In 1990, a new taxonomic level called Domain was introduced and changed how bacteria were classified.
Domain Archaea
Domain Bacteria
Domain Eukarya
There are 6 Kingdoms total:
1. Eubacteria Archaebacteria
3. Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Both are Bacteria
Everything else (Except viruses)

28. 3 Modern Methods to Classify Animals

29. Systematics First Used Morphology… Now also use other methods too!
1. Molecular Evidence - is the analysis of hereditary molecular differences, mainly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships.

30. Systematics First Used Morphology… Now use other methods too!
2. Biochemical Evidence – is the analysis of similar chemical makeups of organisms to compare evolutionary relationships.

31. Systematics First Used Morphology… Now use other methods too
Systematics First Used Morphology… Now use other methods too! Click HERE for video
3. Embryonic Evidence – is the analysis of the early development of embryos an comparing them to other animals.

32. Layers of Tissue Tissues derived from three embryonic layers
Ectoderm – Outer layer
Mesoderm – Middle layer. Gives rise to supportive, contractile, and blood cells.
Endoderm – Inner layer

33. Other Patterns of Organization
Unicellular Level of Organization
Protista- one-celled organisms
Diploblastic Organization
Body parts organized into layers derived from two tissue layers
Ectoderm – gives rise to epidermis (outer layer)
Endoderm – gives rise to gastrodermis , the tissue that lines the gut cavity
Examples: Jellyfish & Hydra
Amoeba
Hydra

34. Other Patterns of Organization
Triploblastic Animals
Contains ALL three embryonic layers
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

35. Other Patterns of Organization
Triploblastic Animals (continued)
Organized based on the presence or absence of body cavity
Body Cavity – fluid-filled space containing the digestive tract and other organs.
A true body cavity is known as a coelom (si lem).

36. Types of Coeloms
Coelomate – “True coelom” - The complete mesoderm lining allows organs to be attached to each other so that they can be suspended in a particular order while still being able to move freely within the cavity.
Examples: Most bilateral animals & all the vertebrates
Psuedocoelomate – “False cavity” -  Tissue derived from mesoderm only partly lines the fluid filled body cavity of these animals. Thus, although organs are held in place loosely, they are not as well organized as in a coelomate.
Example: Roundworms
Acoelomate - have no body cavity at all. Semi-solid mesodermal tissues between the gut and body wall hold their organs in place.
Example: Tapeworms and Flukes

37. Advantages of a Body Cavity
Provide more room for organ development
Provide an area for storage
Provide a vehicle for eliminating wastes & reproductive products from the body
Facilitate increased body size

38. With Life, Comes Death: 5 Mass Extinctions
Name of Extinction
When
What happened
Ordovician-Silurian mass extinction
443 Million years ago
 During the Ordovician, most life was in the sea, so it was sea creatures such as trilobites, brachiopods and graptolites that were drastically reduced in number. In all, some 85% of sea life was wiped out. Caused by climate change (Ice Age).
Late Devonian mass extinction
359 Million years ago
Three quarters of all species on Earth died out in the Late Devonian mass extinction, though it may have been a series of extinctions over several million years, rather than a single event. Caused by climate change & low oxygen levels.
Permian mass extinction
248 Million years ago
The Permian mass extinction has been nicknamed The Great Dying, since a staggering 96% of species died out. All life on Earth today is descended from the 4% of species that survived. Caused by climate change, methane released, drop in oxygen levels, & changing sea levels.

39. With Life, Comes Death: 5 Mass Extinctions
Name of Extinction
When
What happened
Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction
200 Million years ago
During the final 18 million years of the Triassic period, there were two or three phases of extinction whose combined effects created the Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction event. Many non-dinosaur animals died, leaving many niches available for dinosaurs to fill. Climate change, flood basalt eruptions and an asteroid impact have all been blamed.
Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction
“K/T Extinction”
65 Million years ago
Is famed for the death of the dinosaurs. However, many other organisms perished. The decline was due to flood basalt eruptions affecting the world's climate, combined with drastic falls in sea level. Then a huge asteroid or comet struck the seabed near the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico and was the straw that broke the camel's back.

40. The End.