1. Consciousness: Focus on Awareness

2. Consciousness
Our awareness of our own existence, sensations, and cognitions
“Stream of consciousness”
What function does consciousness serve?

3. Consciousness Normal consciousness -different parts of brain activated
Altered states of consciousness
Sleeping
Dreaming
Hypnosis
Meditation
Drug induced
Other?
Culturally based

4. Stages of Sleep EEG-based measurements Stage 1 Stage 2 Stages 3 and 4
Hypnogogic
Stage 2
Sleep spindles
Stages 3 and 4
Delta waves
REM (rapid eye movement) sleep
Video

5. Stages of Sleep

6. Sleep Deprivation 2/3 adults are not getting enough sleep
Somniphobia-Fear of Sleeping
Nomophobia
REM rebound
Alcohol and sleeping pills
Effects
Attention drops
Sustained attention (sleepy drivers cause 100K+ crashes)
Physical performance
Visual-motor tasks
Mood
The body suffers
Increased cortisol
Decreased learning

7. 4-11 days without sleep=craziness

9. Why do we sleep? Evolutionary theory Restorative theory
Facilitating learning

10. What is your experience?
In my life, I have had a dream about being attacked or pursued.
True
False
Survey: Dream Content: What do you dream about?
Relevant topic: dreams, dream content
The next set of slides is from the IM for Lilienfeld, et al. “Dream Content: What Do You Dream About” (2009).
Use these to take a survey of your students’ experiences and compare their results to the results of a 1958 study of American and Japanese students (Griffith, et al.). Students answer each question. The next slide gives the comparison to the larger study of American and Japanese students.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

11. What is your experience?
In my life, I have had a dream about being attacked or pursued.
True
False
Larger sample: 77 percent
Survey: Dream Content: What do you dream about?
Relevant topic: dreams, dream content
The next set of slides is from the IM for Lilienfeld, et al. “Dream Content: What Do You Dream About” (2009).
Use these to take a survey of your students’ experiences and compare their results to the results of a 1958 study of American and Japanese students (Griffith, et al.). Students answer each question.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

12. What is your experience?
In my life, I have had a dream about killing someone.
True
False
Survey: Dream Content: What do you dream about?
Relevant topic: dreams, dream content
The next set of slides is from the IM for Lilienfeld, et al. “Dream Content: What Do You Dream About” (2009).
Use these to take a survey of your students’ experiences and compare their results to the results of a 1958 study of American and Japanese students (Griffith, et al.). Students answer each question. The next slide gives the comparison to the larger study of American and Japanese students.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

13. What is your experience?
In my life, I have had a dream about killing someone.
True
False
Larger sample: 26 percent
Survey: Dream Content: What do you dream about?
Relevant topic: dreams, dream content
The next set of slides is from the IM for Lilienfeld, et al. “Dream Content: What Do You Dream About” (2009).
Use these to take a survey of your students’ experiences and compare their results to the results of a 1958 study of American and Japanese students (Griffith, et al.). Students answer each question.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

14. What is your experience?
In my life, I have had a dream about sexual experiences.
True
False
Survey: Dream Content: What do you dream about?
Relevant topic: dreams, dream content
The next set of slides is from the IM for Lilienfeld, et al. “Dream Content: What Do You Dream About” (2009).
Use these to take a survey of your students’ experiences and compare their results to the results of a 1958 study of American and Japanese students (Griffith, et al.). Students answer each question. The next slide gives the comparison to the larger study of American and Japanese students.

15. What is your experience?
In my life, I have had a dream about sexual experiences.
True
False
Larger sample: 66 percent
Survey: Dream Content: What do you dream about?
Relevant topic: dreams, dream content
The next set of slides is from the IM for Lilienfeld, et al. “Dream Content: What Do You Dream About” (2009).
Use these to take a survey of your students’ experiences and compare their results to the results of a 1958 study of American and Japanese students (Griffith, et al.). Students answer each question.

16. What is your experience?
In my life, I have had a dream about schools, teachers, and/or studying.
True
False
Survey: Dream Content: What do you dream about?
Relevant topic: dreams, dream content
The next set of slides is from the IM for Lilienfeld, et al. “Dream Content: What Do You Dream About” (2009).
Use these to take a survey of your students’ experiences and compare their results to the results of a 1958 study of American and Japanese students (Griffith, et al.). Students answer each question. The next slide gives the comparison to the larger study of American and Japanese students.

17. What is your experience?
In my life, I have had a dream about schools, teachers, and/or studying.
True
False
Larger sample: 71 percent
Survey: Dream Content: What do you dream about?
Relevant topic: dreams, dream content
The next set of slides is from the IM for Lilienfeld, et al. “Dream Content: What Do You Dream About” (2009).
Use these to take a survey of your students’ experiences and compare their results to the results of a 1958 study of American and Japanese students (Griffith, et al.). Students answer each question.

18. Dreaming What triggers particular dreams? Solving problems
Why do we dream?
Freud
Wish fulfillment
Manifest content
Latent content
Try not to dream about something
Activation-synthesis hypothesis
Editing neural connections
Strengthening neural connections
Goals and motivation (ex: stroke victims)

19. Sleep and the Brain The chemistry of sleep Circadian rhythms
Acetylcholine
Sleeping pills block wake-up neurotransmitters
Melatonin
Circadian rhythms
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (registers changes in light)
Cortisol cycle
24 or 25 hours?
Shift work (3 Mile Island)/planned naps

20. Troubled Sleep
Night terrors
Nightmares

22. Troubled Sleep
Night terrors
Nightmares
Narcolepsy

24. Troubled Sleep Night terrors Nightmares Narcolepsy Insomnia
Sleep apnea

26. Troubled Sleep Night terrors Nightmares Narcolepsy Insomnia
Sleep apnea

30. Hypnosis
Focused awareness on vivid, imagined experiences and a decreased awareness of the external environment-Mesmer
Hypnotic induction
Trance state
Generalized reality orientation fading
Trance logic
Posthypnotic suggestion

32. Possession Trance

34. Hypnosis Theories Trance theory Sociocognitive theory
Evidence from neuroimaging--seeing colors
Hypnosis as a tool for…
Anxiety
Compulsive habits
Asthma
Stress
Pain relief

35. Meditation Religious traditions Types Concentrative meditation
Opening-up meditation
Mindfulness meditation

36. Meditation Benefits Meditation versus relaxation Biology of meditation
Reduced tension and anxiety
Decreased stress
Decreased blood pressure
Increased ability to fight infection
Meditation versus relaxation
Biology of meditation

37. Drugs and Alcohol Substance abuse Substance dependence
Pattern of use leading to distress or difficulty functioning in major life areas
Use in dangerous situations
Legal difficulties
Substance dependence
Tolerance
Withdrawal

38. Psychoactive Substances
Depressants
Alcohol, barbiturates
Stimulants
Cocaine, amphetamines
Speed, ecstasy
Narcotic analgesics
Heroin
Hallucinogens
LSD, marijuana
Trips and flashbacks

39. Ecstasy (MDMA) Biological effects Psychological effects
Releases serotonin and prevents reuptake
Damages serotonin receptors
Psychological effects
Increased awareness and pleasure
May cause depression

44. Depressants: Alcohol 60% of American adults drink alcohol
8% have alcohol abuse or dependence
Biological effects
Depressant
Disinhibition
Hangover
Psychological effects
Inhibitory conflict
Alcohol myopia
Sexual aggression
Blackouts

45. Stimulants: Cocaine-analgesic
Crack
Euphoria -> Crash
Decreases other pleasures
Other stimulants
Amphetamines
MDMA
Caffeine
Nicotine

48. Narcotic Analgesics: Heroin
Biological effects
CNS depressant
Psychological effects
Strongly addictive
Pain relief
Relaxation and euphoria
Severe withdrawal symptoms
Other opiates
Morphine, codeine, Vicodin, Oxycodone

49. Hallucinogens: Marijuana
Most commonly used hallucinogen in U.S.
Biological effects
Cannabinoid receptors
Appetite, memory, pain
Psychological effects
Dependent on mood
Euphoria, drowsiness, anxiety, panic
Medical marijuana
Glaucoma
Chemotherapy