1. Traditional Flows of Commodities and Finished Products
Flows South – North of primary goods, raw material and food products
Flows North – South of manufactured processed goods and services
A wealthy core and periphery emerged. These trade patterns largely survive even now. 1

2. Background: The Theory of Core and Periphery Geographers use core and periphery theory to explain the process by which some countries become wealthy and others poor.
The Core
The Core is where most wealth is produced. Global cores include North America, Europe and Japan. This core:
Owns and consumes 80% of global goods and services.
Earns the highest incomes.
Makes most decisions about the global economy e.g. What goods are produced
Provides most global investment.
The Periphery
Meanwhile the poorer periphery is usually distant from the core markets. These countries:
Own and consume 20% of global goods and services despite having 75% of global population.
Earns lower income – 2.5 billion people live on US$2 a day
Make few decisions about the global economy and provides little investment 2

3. Core or Periphery? C = Core P = Periphery
Makes most decisions about the global economy e.g. what goods are produced
Owns and consumes 80% of global goods and services
Owns and consumes 20% of global goods and services.
Today, new global connections add flows of finished and semi finished products from these countries to the traditional flows of commodities and raw materials
We have 75% of the world’s population
Core or Periphery?
Earn low incomes – 2.5 billion people live on less than $2 per day
Makes very few decisions about the global economy
Manufacturing has risen here because we offer cheaper labour
Earns the highest incomes
Provides very little global investment
Manufacturing has fallen here but we profit because we dictate to the new production lines
Provides most global investment
C = Core P = Periphery

4. A large proportion of production, trade and investment is concentrated in 3 regions.
Europe. (EU)
North America (NAFTA)
East Asia (APEC)
These are known as the Global Triad
Global Triad

5. Globalisation, Population Change and Migration

6. Learning Objectives & Outcomes
Know – what the DTM is
Understand – how globalisation has affected population & migration
Skills – exam practice, revision strategies
A* - A
Evaluate the use of models to show trends in population and migration and suggest how globalisation may have an influence in the future B
Explain the factors and how globalisation affects population and migration
C-D
Describe the stages of the DTM and reasons for migration

7. Countries
Population

8. Net immigration
Net emigration

9. Demography/Population
Demographic (population) changes are an important part of globalisation.
Demography has changed massively over the last 50 years and is predicted to change even more in the next 50 years – both in terms of population size and distribution.

10. Places that experience economic growth usually trigger an increase in the number of people living in region due to changes in the: a)Birth rate b)Death rate c)Migration – natural increase

11. Population Growth Over Time
The Industrial Revolution lead to fall in death rate and the birth rate – due to benefits of modern healthcare, sanitation, nutrition and education
Economic growth is normally coupled by population growth e.g. the UK went from 5 million in 1750 to 40 million in 1900
Similarly, India has boomed from 300 million to over a billion today
However, population growths remain high when a countries birth rate does not drop due to cultural preferences for more children not changing – this is the case in large parts of Africa

13. The Demographic Transition Model

14. Strengths of the model It shows changes through time
It describes what has happened in the UK
Many other countries in Europe and North America went through similar stages as they industrialised
Some NICs such as Singapore and South Korea went through similar stages, though faster
It helps explain what has happened and why it has happened in that particular sequence

15. Limitations of the model
It is based on the experience of industrialised countries and is not relevant to non industrialised countries
It assumes stage 3 follows industrialisation. Not always the case. Factors causing DR to fall have been imported from developed countries so have occurred much more quickly
It assumes Stage 4 follows decades after Stage 3. Not the case. In some countries is held back and in others occurs more quickly e.g. China
Original model has been adapted to include a 5th stage
Does not predict the future

19. The Borderless World
This is the first photo ever taken of the Earth from Apollo 11 in People had never seen the Earth like this.
From this point onwards people began to view themselves as global citizens, visiting and often relocating to distant places
This is especially true of the international elite

20. So what affects why and how people move around?
You should hopefully remember that refer to these reasons as push and pull factors
Things that encourage people to leave the place they live in
Things that draw/attract people to an area
Push and pull factors

21. Push Factors
Pull Factors

22. Push factors Unemployment Lack of services/amenities
Poor safety and security
High crime rates
Crop failure
Drought
Harsh climate (too hot or too cold)
Flooding
Poverty
War
Pull factors
Employment/jobs available
Better services (schools, hospitals etc)
Safer area
Low crime rate
Fertile land for growing crops
Good food supplies
Less risk of natural hazards (drought, hurricanes etc)
More wealth
Stable political group
Attractive climate (not too harsh)
Better quality of life

23. Migrational change can lead to either a fall or rise in population
A Net Migration gain occurs when more people immigrate than emigrate.
A Net Migration loss occurs when more people emigrate than immigrate.
The movement of people has led to a globalisation of population with diverse populations made up of many different beliefs, cultures and mixed societies.
Migration is largely dependent on a combination of push and pull factors. However it is also largely dependent on the barriers facing a migrant known as ‘intervening obstacles.’ Examples include:
Social obstacles e.g. family ties back home.
Economic obstacles e.g. The cost of setting up a new home.
Lack of information about destination e.g. Where to stay upon arrival.

25. Lee’s migration model

27. Intervening opportunity?
An alternative migration destination that exists between the migrant’s place of origin and their destination
E.G. Poles migrating to Ireland pass through London on route and instead settle there.

29. Why is globalisation increasing?
1)Transport:
In the 1960’s the Boeing 747 made international travel more common, and more recently, the expansion of cheap flight sectors has increased air travel e.g. Easyjet and Ryanair .
Secondly containerisation (shipping goods) since the 1940’s has increased globalisation

30. 2) Transnational corporations (TNC’s):
These are firms with operations spread through out the world, operating in many nations as both makers and sellers of goods and services. Eg. Coca-Cola and McDonalds. The BBC is one too (interestingly part funded by the government of the UK). They have caused massive economic and cultural changes.

31. Computer & internet (and media):
Computer aided design (CAD) and manufacturing (CAM) have made manufacturing less human reliant allowing firms to become more footloose.
And ICT has allowed video conferencing and s, allowing TNC’s to expand worldwide.
Social networking eg Facebook, Skype and Twitter
Home internet shopping
Online education eg Open University
Even on-line dating!!!

32. International organisations:
Such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which channels loans from worlds richest nations to countries which seek economic help. In return, the requesting country has to agree to free-market economies, which means TNC’s can enter, promoting globalisation.
The World Trade Organisation (WTO) and World Bank also work along side the IMF.
Non-governmental organisations (NGO’S) such as Oxfam, also have had major influence, working to connect places through aid and debt relief.

33. Markets:
More people are resident in urban areas and are significant consumers of goods and services.
In 2007 China already had 30 million affluent consumers and by 2015 it is expected to be the world’s largest market for consumer goods.
The growth of major stock markets has been an important influence
New stock markets have emerged eg Shanghai