2. The Unification of Germany
1848 Prussian Revolution led to a constitution Austria had always overruled the German states- attempted to stifle all nationalist sentiment (1819 Carlsbad Decrees)- German cultural nationalism Otto Von Bismarck (Junker)- parliamentary crisis (page 239) Realpolitik 1864 First War of German Independence- Danish War (Schleswig and Holstein)

4. The Unification of Germany
Prussian parliament- Liberals, Conservatives, Centre Party Bismarck- Prussian nationalist (tiny bit German nationalist) 1866 Austro-Prussian War (provoked by Bismarck)- 7 weeks, Prussian Victory (needle gun) Settlement- everything stayed the same- Austria is removed from German politics- North German Confederation (Austria concedes autonomy to Hungary) 1870 Spanish revolt- Hohenzollern Candidate for the throne- Napoleon III

7. The Unification of Germany
Napoleon III- Ems Dispatch- Declaration of War Franco-Prussian War- Southern German states join on the side of the N. German Confed. January German Empire proclaimed (at Versailles)- King Wilhelm I Balance of Power in Europe is gone- forces all states in Europe to modernize, militarize and create alliances June 1914

10. The Transformation of Thought

11. Toward a New Universe The Social Sciences
The world was progressing- for the better of society?
Genuine Optimism
Liberalism and Science, best buddies

12. Charles Darwin

13. Charles Darwin- BIG CHANGE
Challenged the harmonious balanced machine-world of Newtonian Science
“On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection” 1859
Humans more among the apes than the angels
No divine intervention in the development of living creatures- he never defined evolution and never said we came from Hominids

14. Charles Darwin Ages of the earth- favoured creatures
Survival of the Fittest (Herbert Spencer)
Peace and Harmony were not natural…
Therefore not the truth
Some saw Darwin’s ideas useful- Marx- class conflict and survival struggle were co-existing

15. Social Darwinism 1798 Essay on Population- Thomas Malthus
Simple and uniform to complex and specialized- survival meant good and normal
Competition was necessary for the fittest to rise up and claim dominance- get the benefit of their full liberty-
Support racism and imperialism (and other racial things)

16. Social Darwinsim
Social Darwinism supported racial theories of development- accomplishments in technology and science were proof of greater beings
Conquest will eliminate the weak and add to the benefit of mankind
Socialism was an evil- public education was deplorable
The progress of a people was to be measured by the strength of its army or industrial machine and they saw nothing immoral about a state using war to achieve goals

17. Religious Thought
New questions of theology emerged at the same time as Darwin
Philology
David Strauss- The Life of Jesus- religion is created by man to as a way of understanding nature and our place in the universe (The Pagan Christ)
People used Darwin’s theories and applied evolutionary arguments to all aspects of study- if the outcome of life was uncertain what is the point of life?
Darwin was an agnostic…important different to an atheist

18. Religious Thought Warfare between science and religion
Could evolution be part of God’s plan?
Agnosticism- ultimate truths about nature and god were unknowable therefore one should not waste their time arguing about it
Contemporary issues…

21. The Challenge to the Rational Universe
Positivism finally challenged in the late 19th century
William Dilthey - imagination is needed to understand the past- Spontaneous expressions of past societies were integral to understanding history- people mattered
Question: Would paper have been invented without the inventer? Yes…but would the plays of Shakespeare been written without him?

22. The Challenge to the Rational Universe
It was impossible to be objective when investigating the past
History is more akin to art than science
Max Weber- do not accept values from the study of the past- science should not give us a philosophy of life- just because something is scientific does not make it desireable
Free will

24. Jean- Francois Millet- Angelus 1857

25. Claude Monet

26. Georges Seurat

27. Paul Cezanne

28. Vincent Van Gogh

29. Psychology and the Question of the Irrational- Newton meet Freud
Sigmund Freud
Ailments of his patients were not physical- mental- Psychoanalysis- analysing the mental history of the patient
Humans were not basically rational creatures- usually there were 2 levels of the mind in each person

30. Psychology and the Question of the Irrational- Newton meet Freud
Childhood experience was intergreal in understanding a person The Interpretation of Dreams
Id- basic desires
SuperEgo- holds these desires in check (boundaries created by society)
Ego- the face one presents to the world
People act through unfulfilled desires- behaviour cannot be explained in terms of economic success or social satisfaction

32. Psychology and the Question of the Irrational- Newton meet Freud
Frederick Nietzsche rejected the notion of a common humanity and stressed the differences in people
Superior people (Supermen) should be able to develop free of any restraints
Christianity is the religion of the weak
Democracy was self defeating
Nationalism was the end of the individual
Noble men vs. Common men