1. Material Properties – Paper & Boards
LESSON 5/5
Material Properties – Paper & Boards
Within this lesson you will cover:
How cellulose fibres are derived from wood and grasses to convert into paper.
Understand the ecological issues in the manufacture & recycling of paper/board.
How & why additives are added to prevent moisture transfer.

2. Take out last lessons homework for peer marking.
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of the primary sources of materials for producing papers & boards.
DO NOW ACTIVITY
Take out last lessons homework for peer marking.
What could this be made from? (1 mark)
Give two standard forms of this material. (2 marks)
Why are materials sold in stock forms? (3 marks)
Card, Duplex Board (1 mark)
Weight, colour, size, thickness (2 marks)
Enable costing, transportation, manageable, ready for manufacture, wastage, standard forms driven by consumer demand (4 marks)

3. Take out last lessons homework for peer marking.
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of the primary sources of materials for producing papers & boards.
DO NOW ACTIVITY
Take out last lessons homework for peer marking.
Name a suitable material for the card. (1 mark)
What is the source of the material and is it renewable? (2 marks)
Give two properties of that material. (2 marks)
Card (1 mark)
Trees and plants – renewable (2 marks)
Lightweight, can be printed on, can be folded easily. (2 marks)

4. Watch closely the video.
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of the primary sources of materials for producing papers & boards.
PAPER/BOARD SOURCE
Have you ever wondered how paper and boards are made and originally sourced from?
Watch closely the video.

5. Cellulose under a microscope
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of the primary sources of materials for producing papers & boards.
PAPER/BOARD SOURCE
Sources of papers & boards
Cellulose under a microscope
Paper and boards are produced from a pulp which is a mixture of cellulose fibres and water (up to 99%).
The cellulose fibres are usually derived from finely shredded wood. But other materials can be used to such as bamboo or hemp to produce paper.
Wood generally provides the best results and this is why it is used. Woods which are deciduous and coniferous are used. With softwoods such as spruce or fir being the most common.
WHY DO YOU THINK THIS IS USED?
WOOD
PULP
FIBRE

6. Pulp & Paper Manufacturing Process.
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of the primary sources of materials for producing papers & boards.
PAPER/BOARD SOURCE
Paper Pulping
Pulp is a mechanical process which converts debarked timber logs into fine chips which are then added to a chemical solution and cooked under pressure to produce a paper pulp.
A fibrous liquid for a desired finish bleaches or colours the paper.
Pulp & Paper Manufacturing Process.

7. Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of the primary sources of materials for producing papers & boards.
PAPER/BOARD SOURCE
1) Pulping procedure will be done to separate and clean the fibres
2) Refining procedure will be followed after pulping processes
3) Dilution process to form a thin fibre mixture
4) Formation of fibres on a thin screened
5) Pressurisation to enhance the materials density
6) Drying to eliminate the density of materials
7) Finishing procedure to provide a suitable surface for usage

8. This process is called ‘sizing’.
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of the primary sources of materials for producing papers & boards.
PAPER/BOARD SOURCE
Paper Pulping – Sizing
Once the pulping process has been completed the liquid produced is then beaten with other chemicals or additives.
This process is called ‘sizing’.
Sizing stops the paper from being so absorbent, thereby allowing it to be printed, photocopied or painted.
Paper with little sizing is more absorbent an example of which is toilet or kitchen paper.
Animated diagram will appear to discuss the process.

9. Converting pulp into paper
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of the primary sources of materials for producing papers & boards.
PAPER/BOARD SOURCE
Converting pulp into paper
The pulp is fed into a mesh conveyor belt which drains as much of the water away, as possible.
Once it leaves the mesh it passes through a series of rollers which squeeze any excess water the mesh didn’t. It then goes through dryer rollers and then finally calendar rollers; providing the desired finish to the paper.

10. MATHS TASK – HOW MANY TREES ARE USED ANNUALLY THEN?
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of the primary sources of materials for producing papers & boards.
PAPER/BOARD SOURCE
Paper & the environment.
Like many materials paper if it is not disposed off sensibly will end up in landfill.
In the UK we use on average annually 12 million tonnes of paper. To put that into perspective it takes 25 trees to produce one tonne of paper.
MATHS TASK – HOW MANY TREES ARE USED ANNUALLY THEN?
Trees are important to the environment because they absorb carbon dioxide and provide habitats for animals.
Paper in landfill decomposes giving of methane which is a greenhouse gas.
Maths answer - four hundred eighty thousand trees

11. THEREFORE RECYCLE YOUR PAPER/MAGAZINES! Have you seen these signs?
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of the primary sources of materials for producing papers & boards.
PAPER/BOARD SOURCE
Paper & the environment.
Recycling paper and boards is easily and widely accessible to do so. When paper is disposed off in a specialised paper bin it is sent to be graded.
Magazines which are produced out of high quality glossy paper will produce a higher quality of recycled paper than a newspaper would do.
The energy it needs to produce brand new paper from pulp and those from recycled materials is between 40-70% more.
THEREFORE RECYCLE YOUR PAPER/MAGAZINES!
Have you seen these signs?

12. Questions based on todays lesson:
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and understanding of the primary sources of materials for producing papers & boards.
TEST YOURSELF QUESTIONS
Questions based on todays lesson:
Why are we encouraged to recycle paper and boards?
Briefly explain the pulping process
Where are papers and boards sourced from?
What are the negative effects of sending paper and board to landfill sites?
Discuss these questions with your neighbour and be prepared to share your answers in five minutes.