1. Scientific communication in the electronic age – Definitions
Peter Ingwersen
Royal School of LIS (IVA), Denmark
OsloUniversity College, Norway –

2. Agenda Scientific Communication:
What ”is” Scientific Information? – Classic & present models
Informetric analyses – typological model & definitions
Bibliometrics
Scientometrics
Webometrics
Document representations for data mining
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3. Scientific Communication - 1
Informal communication:
verbal - WWW: personal pages - - pre-prints ... Blogs (disciplin-dependent); Facebook; Twitter
Formal communication:
Journal articles - Conf.papers ... Patents … Newsgroups …
USE of INFORMATION: giving references
Indicator of USE: receiving citations / Downloads
WWW: giving/receiving LINKs ??
(Studies show no real correlation between inlinks & citation impact – but between inlinks and publ. Volume on net)
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4. Scientific communication 1 – Classic Model (prior to Web / open access)
Research idea & activities
TechnicalResearch report
Peers
Archive
Conf.
Papers
(Peer reviewed)
Journal
Articles
Library
index
Domain databases
Citation
database
Time
Un-published
non-peer review
informal com.
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5. Scientific communication 2 – Present Model (incl. Web / open access)
Research idea & activities
TechnicalResearch reports
Working
papers
Peers
Inst. Repositories,
arXiv.com - Open access journals
Conf.
Papers
(Peer reviewed)
Journal
Articles
Time
Un-published
public
Non Peer review
Full text
Domain database
- Web of
Science
- Scopus
Google (Scholar)
Academic Web Search Engines
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6. Scientific communication 3 – What ’is’ scientific information?
Blogs … Facebook
Teaching material
Working papers
Research reports
Student output
Searchable on Open Web
Conference Papers
Posters, Abstracts (peer reviewed)
Collaboratory round tables
Open Access
- Journals (peer reviewed)
- Inst. Repositories
(Duplicates/versions)
Partly searchable on Open Web
Confidence in information source?
Qualified knowledge source
(Domain dependent )
Restricted Access
- Journal articles
(peer reviewed)
Authoritative source
- Research Monographs
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7. Peer review - definition
VTU’s tentative recommendations:
” … implies a written assessment, which considers a manuscript’s academic quality”.
Peer revieweing always done prior to publishing: It forms part of the publishing process; a book review is consequently NOT defined as peer review.
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8. Peer review - 2
A submission (book, article, paper, poster) must as a minimum be assessed by at least one external reviewer, i relation to the publisher.
The external reviewer should be domain expert. There is no requirement .
Reviewers must be of high academic standard: as minimum research competence on ph.d.-level.”
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9. Formal Communication ISI (or any) citation network?
Non-ISI source document
Birger Larsen, 2003
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10. In a citation index you have …
Indexed documents with references, pointing to other indexed documents, back in time: its centre
Indexed documents pointing to non-indexed documents, like monographs or conference papers: its periphery
Non-indexed documents cannot be counted, but may be found one by one – as citations or as cited work!
They only receive citations from the index – not from other sources outside the index!
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11. infor-/biblio-/sciento-/cyber-/webo-/metrics
informetrics
bibliometrics
scientometrics
cybermetrics
webometrics
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2011
L. Björneborn & P. Ingwersen 2003

12. Definitions: Informetrics
The study of quantitative aspects of information in any form, not just records or bibliographies, and in any social group, not just scientists
It incorporates, utilizes, and extends the many studies of the measurement of information that lie outside the boundaries of both bibliometrics and scientometrics
(Tague-Sutcliffe, 1992)
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13. Definitions - Bibliometrics
The study of quantitative aspects of the production, dissemination, and use of recorded information
It develops mathematical models and measures for these processes and then use the models and measures for prediction and decision making
(Tague-Sutcliffe, 1992)
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2011

14. Definitions - Scientometrics
The study of quantitative aspects of science as a discipline or economic activity
Part of sociology of science and has application to science policy-making
It involves quantitative studies of scientific activities, among others, publication, and so overlaps bibliometrics to some extent
(Tague-Sutcliffe, 1992)
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15. Definitions – the classic … metrics
Bibliometrics/Scientometrics/Informetrics are unique types of empirical research methods developed by Library and Information Science;
Bibliometrics utilizes quantitative analysis, statistics, and data visualization to investigate patterns of:
References, citations, authors, journals, institutions, words, keywords, classification codes etc.
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16. Webometrics
Lennart Björneborn 2001
The study of quantitative aspects of the construction and use of information resources, structures and technologies on the Web, drawing on bibliometric and informetric methods
web page contents
link structures, e.g., WIFs, cohesiveness of link topologies, etc.
users’ information behaviour (searching, browsing, etc.)
search engine performance
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17. Cybermetrics: The quantitative studies of the whole Internet
i.e. chat, mailing lists, news groups, etc. - and WWW
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18. Examples of usage of … metrics
Indexing
Collection development
Construction and maintenance of knowledge organising systems
Design of IR systems (e.g., search engines)
Domain studies (revealing knowledge structures and knowledge mapping)
Sociology of science
Research evaluation
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19. Timeline
1926
Lotka's law of authorship
1963
Science Citation Index — Garfield & Sher: Journal impact factor
1934
Bradsford's law of scattering
1966
Nalimov: Naukometria = scientometrics
1969
Pritchard: Bibliometrics
1973
Social Science Citation Index - Small +  Marshakova: Co-citation
1978
Arts & Humanities Citation Index + Scientometrics + Gilbert: Persuasiveness
1985
Pao citation searches + Brooks: Citer motivations
1927
Gross & Gross: Citation analysis
1949
Zipf’s law of term distribution
1961
Kessler: Bibliographic coupling
1965
Price: "Networks of scientific papers"
1968
Merton: Matthew effect
1972
Coles: Ortega hypothesis
1975
Moravcsik & Murugesan: Categories of citations
1979
Nacke: term 'informetrics"
1983
Callon & Courtial: Co-word analysis
Almind & Ingwersen: Webometrics
1997
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20. Document Representations in Play
‘All data’ that may point to or from documents that are relevant for analysis – and have consistency:
Full text contents (words, keyword extractions, anchor text, structure, metadata, media-dependent keys …)
Activities / actions:
Downloads – loans – exchanges
Clicks – look ups – ‘been there’ …
Mention (recognition)
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21. Document Representations in Play 2
References (authors, title terms, journals, PY …)
Citations (full text contents, metadata: institutions, CY, added keywords, class. codes, refs., countries …)
Web network: inlinks, outlinks, anchor texts, tags, etc.
Web genres: blogs, bookmarks, wikies, facebook, etc.
Impact analyses:
Web Impact Factor (links) (academic citations) (downloads)
Citation Impact Factor; Journal Impact Factor; Hirsch Index
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2011