1. Pages Answers

2. 45 Tt x Tt Phenotypic ratio = 3 tall: 1 short
Genotypic ratio = 1 TT: 2 Tt: 1 tt T t T TT Tt tt t

3. 46 Law of Segregation: Law of Independent Assortment:
Alleles separate during gamete formation.
Law of Independent Assortment:
Essentially…just because you are dominant for one trait does not mean you will be dominant for all other traits, too.

4. 47
Female = XX
Male = XY

5. 48
Incomplete dominance is an inheritance pattern where two dominant phenotypes blend together to produce a new phenotype.
Example: Red flowers + Yellow flowers = Orange flowers
Orange is a NEW phenotype (it’s not red and it’s not yellow…it’s orange.)

6. 49
Codominance is where two dominant phenotypes combine to produce a striped or spotted heterozygous phenotype.
Examples: Chic-fil-A cows.

7. 50 Sex linked traits are traits carried on the X chromosome. Examples:
Hemophilia;
green vs blue eye color;
some muscular dystrophies;
colorblindness

8. 51 A polygenic trait is a trait controlled by more than one gene.
It allows for a lot of variance in the phenotype.
Example: Human skin color; Human height

9. 52 A mutation is any change in an organism’s DNA. 4 Causes:
UV radiation
X-rays
Viruses
Certain chemicals

10. 53 A karyotype is a picture of a person’s chromosomes.
It is used by doctors before a baby is born to determine if the baby will have any genetic disorders.

11. 54
Skip this question…

12. 55
Nondisjunction is a problem in meiosis whereby the daughter cells do not get the right number of chromosomes.
Cause: failure of chromosomes to separate during anaphase.

13. 56 A.) Extra chromosome 21 = Down Syndrome
B.) missing X chromosome = Turner’s syndrome (female, 45X0)

14. Ecology EOCT Review pages 13-17
Domain IV
Ecology
EOCT Review pages 13-17

15. 1
Ecology:
The study of the interactions among organisms and their environment.

16. 2
All areas on earth where life exists.
Entire Earth + all Biomes.

17. 3
Abiotic = non-living
Biotic = living

18. 4 Biotic: Abiotic: animals, plants, bacteria, fungi
rocks, soil, climate, precipitation, weather

19. 5
Species  population  community  Ecosystem  Biome  biosphere

20. 6 Population = all members of same species in an area.
Community = many different populations in an area.
Ecosystem = all communities and the abiotic factors that affect them.
Biome = area of Earth with similar ecosystems and similar dominant species.

21. 7 Habitat = where an organism lives.
Niche = the organism’s role in the habitat.

22. 8 Competition = two organisms trying to get same resources or mates .
Predation = one organism hunting, killing and eating another organism (the prey)

23. 9 Mutualism = both species benefit
Commensalism = one species benefits and the other one is neither helped nor harmed.
Parasitism = one species benefits by harming (but not intentionally killing) the other.

24. 10 Organism Energy Source Example Producer Herbivore Omnivore
Carnivore
Decomposer
Sun
Plants; some bacteria
Producers
Cow, sheep, rabbit, shrimp
Producers and consumers
Bears; humans
Consumers
Wolves, Lions, sharks
Dead organisms
Fungi and bacteria

25. 11
Answers will vary…

26. 12
The sun and decomposers

27. 13 A food web is more complex and is made of many food chains.
It shows all of the different interactions in an ecosystem.

28. 14
The sun

29. 15 Level 1 = producer Level 2 = primary consumers
Level 3 = secondary consumers
Level 4 = tertiary consumer
Level 5 = quaternary consumer

30. 16
Only 10% of the energy at any trophic level can passed to another organism.
The other 90% is lost as heat.

31. 17
Results will vary…

32. 18a
Carbon is taken in by plants to produce glucose in a process called photosynthesis. The glucose molecule is then broken down for energy by heterotrophs during a process called cellular Respiration, in which CO₂ is released to be taken in by plants again. Carbon is also put into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels. Decomposers release carbon back into the ecosystem by breaking down dead organisms whose cells contain carbon.

33. 18b - Nitrogen
Nitrogen gas makes up about 68% of our atmosphere, but it is not useable in this form. Bacteria perform a process called Nitrogen fixation which is a process that “fixes” nitrogen into a useable form for organisms. This entire process requires BACTERIA.

34. 18c - Phosphorus
Phosphorus is put into the soil and used by plants by the eroding of rock materials. The process is the SLOWEST of all the nutrient cycles, because it takes so long for rocks to be eroded by water.

35. 18d - Water Cycle Evaporation Transpiration Condensation Precipitation
Run Off
Seepage (ground water)
Starts all over

36. 19 Nutrients need to be transferred among members of a food web.
In order for the nutrients to be returned to the soil for producers to use again, the decomposers must recycle the nutrients.

37. 20. Ecological Succession
After a disaster such as lava flow, tornado, flooding, fire or receding of a glacier, the ecosystem must be rebuilt. The process of re-growth happens in a logical order called succession.

38. 21.
Both end in a mature ecosystem called a climax community. The main difference is how they begin. Primary starts on bare land, often after a volcanic eruption or receding of a glacier. There is no soil in Primary succession and thus a pioneer species must come first. Often this pioneer species is lichens that can grow on rock. Secondary succession occurs when soil is left such as after a farm has been abandoned or a tornado.

39. 22.
Tornado
Fire
Flooding
Clear cutting

40. 23.
Pioneer species are the first organisms to inhabit an area. They prepare the environment for other species to grow.
Lichen = primary successions
Grass = secondary succession

41. 24.
The final most mature ecosystem that results at the end of either primary or secondary succession.

42. 25.
Factors that change as the result of the number of organisms inhabiting an area.
They only affect large populations!

43. 26. Competition (for food, mating, territory, or shelter) Disease
Predation
Parasitism

44. 27.
Factors that are not affected by the number of organisms or individuals in an area, but still impact the carrying capacity of that area.
Affects all populations equally!

45. 28.
Human Impact
Weather conditions
Disasters

46. 29
See Board

47. 30. Exponential growth is the sudden and rapid
Logistic growth slows down as resources run out and the population reaches carrying capacity.