1. Chapter 3

2. Thursday, October 12, 2017 No homework 
DO Now: have out map activity from yesterday. Make sure your name is on it!

5. Ancient Mesopotamia “The Land Between Two Rivers”
Tigris River
Euphrates River
Mesopotamia farmers controlled the rivers
Built levees (dirt walls to hold back water)
Built dams to control the amount of water
Dug irrigation canals to water crops

6. Sumer Located in southern Mesopotamia
City-states that were isolated by geography and each had its own government
City-states often fought in wars against each other
Built walls around city-states for pretection

7. Sumer City-States
The first Mesopotamian city was Uruk – population more than 40,000
Other city-states: Ur
Lagash
Nippur
Each Sumerian City-State had its own government and law
Each also had its own main god

8. Friday, October 13, 2017
Do Now: Why do social classes exist? Could we live without them?

9. Daily Life Role of men: head of household
Role of women: had some rights (buying and selling property, running businesses)
Children: had little or no education (only wealthy boys could attend school)

10. Social Classes
3 distinct classes based on the specialized jobs people had
Religious beliefs helped support this social order
Kings
Priests
Government officials
Scribes
Farmers / Fishers
Artisans
Merchants
Slaves

11. Sumerian Religion Ziggurats were built top honor the main god
Grand temples built in each city- state
The shrine on top is a special place of worship
Only priests and priestesses could enter

12. Sumerian Religion Polytheistic – believed in many gods
Gods controlled everything in nature and all human activity
Mesopotamians worshipped their gods by making statues, praying to their gods, and food sacrifices were left at temples

13. Sumerian Religion Priests / Priestesses: Kings
powerful, controlled much of the land
most important people in society
They were the link between the gods and the people
Kings
Controlled, led, and organized armies
Organized building projects
When 1 god died, his son took over

14. Sumerian Achievements
The Sumerians made many advances that helped their society develop.
The Sumerians invented the world’s first writing system.
Advances and inventions changed Sumerian lives.
Many types of art developed in Sumer.

15. The Sumerians invented the world’s first writing system
The cuneiform system involved the use of sharp tools called styluses.
The Sumerians first used cuneiform to keep business records.
The Sumerians also used their writing skills to write books about history, poems, and math.

16. Invention of Writing Cuneiform World’s first system of writing
Cuneiform symbols could represent syllables. Earlier pictographs had represented only objects.
The Sumerians wrote on clay tablets with a stylus.
Scribes
Writers
Kept track of items people traded and wrote down government records
Scribes could move up in social class.
Other Uses
Wrote works of literature, stories, proverbs, and songs
Wrote poems about the gods and military victories.
Created epics, long poems that tell the stories of heroes.

17. Advances and inventions changed Sumerian lives
Development of the wheel
Used for carts and wagons
Potter’s wheel
The plow increased farm production.
Sewers under city streets
Math and science
Number system based on 60
Names of animals, plants, and minerals
Used medicines for healing and catalogued medical knowledge

19. Conflict in Sumer
Years of frequent fighting between city-states made them grow weaker
Example: Umma and Lagash with their allies fought to control a fertile region on their borders
Soldiers used bronze axes and long spears with sharp metal points

20. Sargon
While the Sumerian city-states struggled for power, a new society arose in Mesopotamia
Akkadian ruler who had the first permanent army
Defeated all the city-states of Sumer
When his army conquered northern Mesopotamia, he established the world’s first empire, the Akkadian Empire
Empire: land with different territories and peoples under a single rule
Sargon ruled for 50 years. After his death, his empire lasted only a century longer.

22. After the Sumerians… many cultures ruled parts of the Fertile Crescent
The Babylonians conquered Mesopotamia and created a code of law.
Invasions of Mesopotamia changed the region’s culture.

23. Hammurabi Hammurabi was Babylon’s king.
During his rule, Babylon became the most important city in Mesopotamia.
Hammurabi’s Code was a set of 282 laws he created that dealt with almost every part of daily life.

24. Hammurabi
Babylon’s king and the city’s greatest monarch, or ruler of a kingdom or empire
Brilliant war leader who brought all of Mesopotamia into his Babylonian Empire
Oversaw building and irrigation projects and improved the tax system
Developed a set of laws that was written down for all to see

25. Hammurabi’s Code
Hammurabi wrote down 282 laws which contained some ideas still found in laws today.
Specific crimes brought specific penalties.
Social class was taken into account. It was a greater crime to injure a rich man than a poor one.
It was unique not only because of how thorough it was, but also because he wrote it down for all to see.

26. Example of Hammurabi Law
“If a son has struck his father, they shall cut off his hand. If a nobleman has destroyed the eye of a member of the aristocracy, they shall destroy his eye…”

27. Hammurabi
Hammurabi was a good ruler, because he worked to improve Babylon. He oversaw many building and irrigation projects and developed a written code of law.

28. Legacy of Sumer
Sumerian culture stayed alive in Babylonia, just as it did under Sargon in the Akkadian empire
Despite Hammurabi’s efforts to build a strong government, the Babylonian empire collapsed after his death
The civilization of Sumer disappeared, but the influence stayed
technology, farming, writing, learning, and the law lived on

29. Babylonian and Assyrian Empires

30. Tuesday, November 3, 2015 No Homework 
Do Now: Take out work from yesterday. (page 131, and Hanging gardens)

31. The Phoenicians built a trading society in the eastern Mediterranean region.
Resources
Prized Cedar trees for timber
Accessed the sea for trade
Built great harbors
Expansion of Trade
Sailed ships around the Mediterranean Sea
Founded several new colonies along the trade routes
Became wealthy
Alphabet
Recorded their activities
Made writing much easier for everyone
Is the basis for the English language

32. Phoenicia, around 800 BC