1. Chapter 19 Section 4
Struggles for Justice

2. Issues within America
Jim Crow laws punished African Americans in South
Violence continued
Mexican Americans, Asian Americans, Minorities also encountered violence

3. Booker T. Washington Educator Born into Slavery Worked in coal mines
Taught himself to read
Worked in coal mines
1881 – founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama for A.A.
Wanted A.A’s to learn trades, seek to move up in society

4. “No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a gield as in writing a poem. It is at the bottom of life we must begin, and not at the top. Nor should we permit our grievances to overshadow our opportunities.”
Speech to Atlanta Exposition 1895

5. Booker T. Washington Gained support of Business leaders
Andrew Carnegie
John D. Rockefeller
Presidents

6. W.E.B. Du Bois Brilliant scholar Received Ph.D. from Harvard
Thought Washington was willing to accept Segregation
Wanted blacks to fight discrimination than submit to it.
Formed NAACP for equal rights.

7. “So far as Mr. Washington apologizes for injustice, North or South, does not rightly value the privilege and duty of voting…and opposes the higher training and ambition of our brigher minds, --so far as he, the South, or the Nation, does this, --we must unceasingly and firmly oppose them.”
The Souls of Black Folk

8. Campaign Against Lynching
1,000 African Americans in the South victims of lynching
Jobless whites took out violence on blacks
Ida wells: A.A. journalist fights back
Called for boycott of segregated streetcars, white-owned stores

9. Mexican Americans Half a mil. Mexican Americans lived in the U.S.
1900
Half a mil. Mexican Americans lived in the U.S.
Separate, inferior schools in South West towns and cities

10. Mexican Immigration 1910 – revolution/famine swept throughout Mexico
Push
Pull
1910 – revolution/famine swept throughout Mexico
Poor farmers found similar jobs in agriculture

11. Mex-American Life
Jobs: field hands, road builders, dug irrigation ditches, factories
Paid less than “Anglo” workers, denied skilled jobs
Barrios: ethnic Mexican American neighborhoods
Example: Los Angeles
Mutualistas: pooled money to pay for insurance/legal advice, sick and needy.

12. Asian Americans Chinese Excluded from emigrating
Worked on dry, barren land that Americans thought useless
Produced fruit/Vegetables

13. Gentlemen’s Agreement
1906
San Francisco forced all Asian students to attend separate schools
Japan protested, could cause Crisis
Unions pressured Roosevelt to limit immigration from Japan
Under pressure not to antagonize growing naval country
IF San Francisco ended Segregation, he would restict Japanese Immigration.
No more workers for women to join their husbands

14. American Catholics Nativists created groups to restrict immigration
Harpers Weekly
Nativists created groups to restrict immigration
Anti-Catholic American Protective Association
Anti-Catholic feelings common in schools
Teachers lectured against pope
Textbooks contained anti-Catholic feelings
Parochial schools are created!

15. American Jews Leo Frank
1913 – Jewish man accused of murdering a young girl in Geogria.
No evidence, Leo was sentenced to death.
Governor of Geogria reduced the sentence, mob lynched Leo.
Anti-Defamation League was created
Promotes understanding and fights prejudice against Jews and others.