1. NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES, CANCER
Sarkhell Araz MSc. Public health/Epidemiology
Lec 5-6

2. Non-Communicable Diseases
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), mainly diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers and chronic respiratory diseases are the largest killers accounting for 68% of deaths worldwide.

3. Major NCD risk factors Tobacco use:
Tobacco kills both users and those exposed to second-hand smoke.

4. Unhealthy diet
Convincing evidence linking non-communicable diseases with specific nutritional components: salt, free sugars (especially through use of sugar-sweetened beverages), fats, mainly trans-fats and saturated fats and low fruit and vegetable consumption.
Salt, sugar and fat consumption in high-income countries is mainly from processed food, requiring strong policy measures. The source is still home-cooked food, requiring an understanding of food decision processes.

5. Physical inactivity
Current recommendations advocate moderate intensity physical activity of 150 minutes per week or 30 minutes per day for five days. In addition, sitting time should be restricted to less than 2 hours at a stretch.

6. Unhealthy use of alcohol
The harmful use of alcohol includes the volume of alcohol drunk over time; the pattern of drinking that includes occasional or regular drinking to intoxication; the drinking context and its public health risks; and the quality or contamination of alcoholic beverages.

7. Examples of interactions between NCDs and infectious disease
Diabetes, TB and maternal health
People with diabetes are three times more likely to develop active tuberculosis (TB).
Gestational diabetes (GDM), maternal under-nutrition and obesity can lead to retarded intra-uterine growth and small babies.

8. Cancer and infectious disease
Hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and some types of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) increase the risk for liver and cervical cancer respectively.
HIV-infection substantially increases the risk of cancer such as cervical cancer.

9. Cancer
Generic term for a large group of diseases that can affect any part of the body.
“Rapid creation of abnormal cells that grow beyond their usual boundaries, and which can then invade adjoining parts of the body and spread to other organs.” (WHO, 2012)
Benign tumors
Malignant tumors

10. Global Burden of Cancer
7.6 million people died from cancer in 2008.
70% of all cancer deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries.
Deaths from cancer are estimated to reach 13.1 million by 2030.
About 30% of cancers are attributable to behavior risk factors.

11. Cancer Epidemiology
Estimated age-standardised incidence and mortality rates: total opulation

15. Infection-Related Cancers
% of Cancers Caused By Infectious Diseases
Infection-Related Cancers 4% 7%
16%
33%
North America
Europe
Global
Sub-Saharan Africa
Over the last 20 years, we’ve gained deeper insight on the burden of infection-driven cancers, and how they drive major disparities in the world’s cancer burden.
Chronic infections like HPV, Hepatitis B and C, and H. pylori cause 16% of all cancers worldwide. Sub-Saharan Africa has the greatest burden of infection-driven cancers, where 1 in 3 cancers is caused by an infection.
It’s a stark comparison that these same infections cause just 4 to 7 in 100 cancers in North America and Europe
Source: American Cancer Society. Global Cancer Facts & Figures 3rd Edition. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2015
American Cancer Society. Global Cancer Facts & Figures 3rd Edition. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2015 15

16. Cancer refers to any one of a large number of diseases characterized by the development of abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably and have the ability to infiltrate and destroy normal body tissue. Cancer often has the ability to spread throughout your body.

17. Complications Fatigue
Signs and symptoms caused by cancer will vary depending on what part of the body is affected.
Some general signs and symptoms associated with, but not specific to, cancer, include:
Fatigue
Lump or area of thickening that can be felt under the skin
Weight changes, including unintended loss or gain

18. Skin changes, such as yellowing, darkening or redness of the skin, sores that won't heal, or changes to existing moles
Changes in bowel or bladder habits
Persistent cough or trouble breathing
Difficulty swallowing
Hoarseness
discomfort after eating
joint pain
Unexplained bleeding

19. Risk factors
While doctors have an idea of what may increase your risk of cancer, the majority of cancers occur in people who don't have any known risk factors. Factors known to increase your risk of cancer include:
Age
Cancer can take decades to develop. That's why most people diagnosed with cancer are 65 or older. While it's more common in older adults, cancer isn't exclusively an adult disease cancer can be diagnosed at any age.

20. Habits
Certain lifestyle choices are known to increase your risk of cancer. Smoking, drinking more than one alcoholic drink a day (for women of all ages and men older than age 65) or two drinks a day (for men age 65 and younger), excessive exposure to the sun or frequent blistering sunburns, being obese, and having unsafe sex can contribute to cancer.
You can change these habits to lower your risk of cancer — though some habits are easier to change than others.

21. Family history
Only a small portion of cancers are due to an inherited condition. If cancer is common in your family, it's possible that mutations are being passed from one generation to the next. You might be a candidate for genetic testing to see whether you have inherited mutations that might increase your risk of certain cancers. Keep in mind that having an inherited genetic mutation doesn't necessarily mean you'll get cancer.

22. Health conditions
Some chronic health conditions, such as ulcerative colitis, can markedly increase your risk of developing certain cancers. Talk to your doctor about your risk.

23. Environment
The environment around you may contain harmful chemicals that can increase your risk of cancer. Even if you don't smoke, you might inhale secondhand smoke if you go where people are smoking or if you live with someone who smokes. Chemicals in your home or workplace, such as asbestos and benzene, also are associated with an increased risk of cancer.

24. Prevention
Stop smoking. If you smoke, quit. If you don't smoke, don't start. Smoking is linked to several types of cancer — not just lung cancer. Stopping now will reduce your risk of cancer in the future.
Avoid excessive sun exposure. Harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun can increase your risk of skin cancer. Limit your sun exposure by staying in the shade, wearing protective clothing or applying sunscreen.

25. 3. Eat a healthy diet. Choose a diet rich in fruits and vegetables
3. Eat a healthy diet. Choose a diet rich in fruits and vegetables. Select whole grains and lean proteins.
4. Exercise most days of the week. Regular exercise is linked to a lower risk of cancer. Aim for at least 30 minutes of exercise most days of the week. If you haven't been exercising regularly, start out slowly and work your way up to 30 minutes or longer.
5.Maintain a healthy weight. Being overweight or obese may increase your risk of cancer. Work to achieve and maintain a healthy weight through a combination of a healthy diet and regular exercise.

26. 6. Drink alcohol in moderation, if you choose to drink
6. Drink alcohol in moderation, if you choose to drink. If you choose to drink alcohol, limit yourself to one drink a day if you're a woman of any age or a man older than age 65, or two drinks a day if you're a man 65 years old or younger.
7. Schedule cancer screening exams. Talk to your doctor about what types of cancer screening exams are best for you based on your risk factors.

27. 8. Ask your doctor about immunizations
8.Ask your doctor about immunizations. Certain viruses increase your risk of cancer. Immunizations may help prevent those viruses, including hepatitis B, which increases the risk of liver cancer, and human papillomavirus (HPV), which increases the risk of cervical cancer and other cancers. Ask your doctor whether immunization against these viruses is appropriate for you.