1. BIOLOGICAL THEORIES

2. REVOLUTION – 1970’s - PRESENT
FROM
PSYCHOLOGICAL
PERSONALITY
EARLY LIFE
PSYCHOTHERAPY TO
BIOLOGICAL
DISEASE
BRAIN
MEDICATION

4. HISTORY DOMINANT IN 19TH CENTURY - DISEASE OF BRAIN
MOST OF 20TH CENTURY - LIMITED TO MENTAL HOSPITALS ( )

5. UP UNTIL ABOUT 1970 LITTLE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BRAIN OR CURES FOR M.I.
RISE AND DOMINANCE OF PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY
DISCREDITING OF GENETIC THOUGHT WITH NAZIS

6. EMERGENCE OF BIOLOGY SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR THE STUDY OF THE BRAIN (CAT; MRI; PET)
MUCH MORE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BRAIN
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS

7. EMERGENCE OF BIOLOGY INSURANCE AND MANAGED CARE
DRUGS CHEAPER AND MORE EFFICIENT
CAN TREAT SERIOUSLY ILL

8. CONCEPT

9. DSM-III (1980) REJECTED DYNAMIC MODEL OF DSM-I AND DSM-II
ADOPTED DIAGNOSTIC MODEL
SYMPTOMS INDICATE UNDERLYING DISEASES
NOT CONTINUOUS, BUT CATEGORICAL

11. CAUSES

12. CAUSES BRAIN DISORDERS OFTEN GENETIC VULNERABILITIES
EARLY CHILDHOOD ILLNESSES OR TRAUMAS
CURRENT TRAUMAS CAN CHANGE BRAIN

13. EVIDENCE FOR GENETIC PROBABILITY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
NO SCHIZ RELATIVES 1%
UNCLES/AUNTS/COUSINS 2-4%
ONE PARENT 6%
FULL SIBLING 10%
DZ %
MZ %

14. BASIC PROBLEM
FAMILIES TRANSMIT GENES AND BEHAVIORS, VALUES, CULTURE, ETC.
HOW SEPARATE GENETIC FROM ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES?
TWO MAJOR WAYS
ADOPTION STUDIES, TWIN STUDIES

15. ADOPTION STUDIES
GET GENES FROM ONE SET OF PARENTS AND ENVIRONMENT FROM ANOTHER SET
NATURAL CHILDREN OF M.I. PARENTS RAISED BY NON-M.I. FOSTER PARENTS
COMPARE TO ADOPTED CONTROL GROUP

16. HESTON STUDY
47 CHILDREN BORN TO SCHIZ. MOTHER IN OREGON M.H AND TAKEN AWAY AT BIRTH
CONTROL GROUP OF 47 CHILDREN OF NON-M.I. MOTHERS ADOPTED AT BIRTH

17. HESTON (CONT.) 17% OF CHILDREN BORN OF SCHIZ. MOTHERS BECAME SCHIZ.
0% OF CONTROL GROUP
OTHER STUDIES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA ALSO SUPPORT GENETIC INFLUENCE (ALTHOUGH NOT AS STRONGLY)

18. ALCOHOL AND ADOPTION GOODWIN – DENMARK
CHILDREN OF ALCOHOLICS RAISED BY NATURAL OR FOSTER PARENTS
FOR MALES, FIND RATES OF ALCOHOLISM AS ADULTS COMPARABLY HIGH FOR CHILDREN OF ALCOHOLICS RAISED BY NATURAL OR FOSTER PARENTS
INDICATES GENETIC INFLUENCES

19. GOODWIN (CONT.)
FOR FEMALES, DAUGHTERS OF ALCOHOLIC PARENTS DO NOT HAVE MORE ALCOHOLISM WHEN RAISED BY NATURAL OR FOSTER PARENTS THAN OTHERS
DOES NOT INDICATE GENETIC CAUSES

20. OTHER ILLNESSES DEPRESSION
RATES IN ADOPTEES OFTEN RESEMBLE FOSTER PARENTS MORE THAN NATURAL PARENTS
INDICATES MORE ENVIRONMENTAL THAN GENETIC INFLUENCES

21. TWIN STUDIES

22. COMPARE MZ - DZ TWINS MONOZYGOTIC TWINS (MZ) - SHARE 100% GENES
DYZYGOTIC TWINS (DZ) - SHARE 50% GENES
RAISED IN SAME FAMILY, ETC.
CONTROL ENVIRONMENT, VARY GENES

23. DIFFERENCES IN SCHIZ. SIBLINGS 10% DZ 6-15% MZ 30-40%
OTHER DISORDERS LESS DIFFERENCE BUT ALWAYS MORE MZ THAN DZ

24. LIMITS OF TWIN STUDIES MZ CONCORDANCE FAR FROM 100%
ARE TWINS REPRESENTATIVE?
EXTENT GREATER CONCORDANCE FOR MZ IS SOCIAL NOT GENETIC
PHYSICAL SIMILARITY, MORE INTERACTION, SAME FRIENDS

25. neurochemistry

26. NEURONS

28. NEUROCHEMISTRY NEURONS (BRAIN CELLS) RELEASE
NEUROTRANSMITTERS (CHEMICALS THAT COMMUNICATE BETWEEN NEURONS) INTO
SYNAPSES - GAP BETWEEN NEURONS
RECEPTORS - ABSORB CHEMICALS

29. NEUROCHEMISTRY (CONT.)
MENTAL ILLNESSES CAN ARISE FROM
MALFUNCTIONING RECEPTORS
TOO MUCH OR TOO LITTLE OF VARIOUS NEUROTRANSMITTERS