1. Chapter 1: Egypt

2. 1. Geography Egyptian civilization grew along the river Nile.
Two main regions: Upper Egypt (South,
Thebes)
Lower Egypt (North, Memphis)

3. 1. Geography
They depended on the annual floods of the Nile and on irrigation.
Arable soil was very limited.
95% of the population lived in 5% of the land.

4. 2. Economy Based on agriculture. Imported wood and olive oil.
Exported papyrus, grain, linen, furniture, gold and African goods.
They had some mineral resources and stone (granite).

5. 3. Society Monarchy with extreme divisions between social classes
Pharaoh (divinized)
Aristocracy (royal officials, large landowners, wealthy merchants, priests, military chiefs)
Small business people, traders, artisans.
Peasants.
Slaves

6. 4. Religion Theocracy: theós (Gk: god) kratía (Gk: government)
Meaning: a state ruled by a god.
The pharaoh identified himself with a god.
He embodied the state.
His subjects would worship him to ensure the prosperity of the community.

7. 4. Religion They believed in an afterlife.
They tried to ensure the eternal life through:
Building of funerary monuments
Visual representation of the deceased
Mummification
Representation of daily life in burials.
Training to pass the judgment of Osiris. (Book of the Dead)

8. 5. Funerary Architecture
Old Kingdom: Stepped Pyramid of Djoser, Saqqara, 2600 BCE

9. 5. Funerary architecture
Old Kingdom: Pyramids of Giza (Khufu, Khafre, Menkaura, BCE)

10. 5. Funerary architecture
n= Menkaura n=Khafre a= Khufu b= Queens’ pyramids q, k= valley temples j= Great Sphinx d, c = cemeteries

11. 5. Funerary architecture
Khufu’s pyramid, oldest and largest of the complex

12. 5. Funerary architecture
The Inscription and legend of pharaoh Tuthmosis IV

13. 5. Funerary architecture
Deir el Bahri (1490 BCE) Valley of the Kings
Hatshepsut’s temple

14. 5. Tutankhamen’s tomb (1325 BCE)

15. Karnak, Great Temple of Amen, (Ramses II), 1294-1212 BCE
6. Temples
Karnak, Great Temple of Amen, (Ramses II), BCE

16. 6. Temples
Pylon
Hypostyle Hall

17. 7. Sculpture and painting

18. 7. Sculpture and painting
Nobleman hunting in the marshes (1400 BCE)

19. 7. Sculpture and painting
Ka-Aper (2500 BCE) Menkure and his Chief Queen(2525 BCE)