1. Chapter 14: The Formation of Western Europe

2. Chapter 14 Overview

3. Section 1: Church Reform and the Crusades
Dark Ages, but around 900s revival in church
Started in monasteries
Esp. Cluny in France
Return to “basics”
Popes started to lead the way
Restored and expanded Church’s power
“Age of Faith”
But…many problems remain

4. Problems in the Church 3 main issues: Plus other issues:
Village priests had families, married—against Church rulings
Bishops sold positions (simony)
Lay investiture
Plus other issues:
Some priests were nearly illiterate
Some popes were of “questionable morals”, as were some bishops, etc.
Some popes enforce church laws regarding simony and priests marrying; reorganize church

5. Church resembles a kingdom
Advisers; acted as court; developed canon law
10%
Went towards buildings, church operations, social services, and hospitals.
Friars (travelling monks)
Checked on bishops and kings
Priests

6. Birth of Cathedrals Cathedrals built in cities
“Representation of the city of God”
Thus—wealthy and very decorated
800s – 1100: Romanesque
Rounded arches, heavy roof, thick walls and pillars; dark
1100s on: Gothic
Thrust upward, huge stained glass windows, sculpture, wood carvings inspire the worshipper with the magnificence of God
Notre Dame

7. The Crusades *Smart Notebook
off and on for 300 years
Recapture all the holy land from the Turks!
1095—Pope Urban II declares “holy war”
1144—Turks recapture Edessa
Second Crusade to recapture city: failed
1097—Three armies gather near Constantinople
1187—Saladin recaptures Jerusalem
How’s that?! Totally unorganized and should NOT have been victorious!
Later Crusades lacked spirit and numbers, went to non-Holy Land sites
Goals:
Economic: Estab. trade routes, make $ off of sponsoring crusades
Political: Kill off troublesome knights, reclaim lost land
Social: Regain holy land
1099—Crusaders captures Jerusalem and begin set up of four Crusader states

8. The Reconquista of Spain
Moors held almost all of Spain
Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille united, joined forces, pushed Muslims and Jews out
Inquisition afterwards to suppress heresy
Is that Christopher Columbus over there?
The
Happy
Couple

9. Effects of Crusades
Women had opportunities home waiting for men to return
Opened/encouraged trade with SW Asia
Lessened power of pope
Decreased power of nobility, kings
Thousands lost lives, fortunes
Constantinople fell
Bitterness/hatred btwn Muslims, Christians; Jews persecuted even more

10. Section 2: Changes in Medieval Society
Ag, trade, finance advanced; cities and towns grew; growing population and territorial expansion
Interaction with Muslims, Byzantine  new learning (universities are born!)
Growing food supply enabled these changes
Horsepower, better harness
Three-field system—more food more to eat healthier people more population

11. Guilds Become HUGE and vital to economy and society
Organization of individuals in same business working for benefit of all
Provide training in a craft (apprentice to journeyman to master)
Regulate quality and price of goods (can you say “monopoly”?!)
Fight for wages and working conditions
Provide health and other benefits
Serve the community

12. Commercial Revolution
See graphic on pg. 390!
Fairs (no longer self-sufficient manors)
Trade! Larger variety of goods avail.
Banking—letters of credit, exchange rates, usury (loans with interest)
People started moving into towns because of trade, plus can earn freedom by living there for yr + day
Disgusting, disease-ridden, fire prone places…but at least you’re free

13. Revival of Learning Muslims had good libraries The University!
Europeans started to study there
Gain lots of ancient and modern knowledge in science, philosophy, law, math, etc.
Crusades intro new technology
The University!
People learning together
Oxford (England), Salerno (Italy)
Well-to-do students
Long process
Hope of getting gov’t or Church job

14. Literature Starting writing in the vernacular (language of the people)
The Divine Comedy (Dante)
The Canterbury Tales (Chaucer)
Christian writers and philosophers
Thomas Aquinas (Summa Theologicae)
Philosophy + Christian thought
The Scholastics