1. The Kingdom Protista
Chapter 19

2. 20-1 The Kingdom Protista
1. Protists are defined less by what they are and more what they are not.
2. A protist is not a plant, animal, fungus or prokaryote.

3. “Left-Over” Kingdom
JUNK DRAWER! Where scientists put everything that does not fit somewhere else!

4. What Protists ARE
3. Protist: Eukaryotes that are not members of the kindgom Plantae, Animalia or Fungi
4. Most unicellular
Have a nucleus

5. Protists

6. The Kingdom “Protista”
5. Protist’ formal name is “Protista”, which comes from the Greek words meaning “the very first”
6. This is fitting to them because the first eukaryotes to appear on Earth, 1.5 billion years ago, were protists.

7. Decomposer or Parasites
7. How They Get Their Food
Protist Type
How they get their food
Example
Heterotroph
Animal-like
Cannot make their own food – must ingest
Zooflagellates
Sarcodine
Ciliates
Autotroph
Plant-like
Ability to make their own food
Euglenophytes
Chrysophytes
Diatoms
Decomposer or Parasites
Fungus-like
Absorb nutrients from dead and decaying organisms
Slime molds
Water Molds

8. Heterotrophs

9. Autotrophs

10. Decomposers or Parasite

11. Zoomastigina Common Name: zooflagellates Movement: One or two flagella
Food: Heterotroph
Absorb food through cell membrane
Reproduction:
Asexually by mitosis and cytokinesis
Sexually by meiosis
Where: Aquatic environments
Example: Leisgmania donovani

12. Zooflagellates

13. Sarcodina Common Name: Sarcodines Movement: Pseudopods
Temporary cytoplasmic projections
“False Foot”
Food: Surround meal and then ingest
Reproduction: Mitosis and cytokinesis
Where: Warmer regions of oceans
Example: Amoeba

14. Sarcodines

15. Ciliophora Common Name: Ciliates Movement: Cilia Food: Heterotroph
Hairlike projections that work like oars to help the ciliate move and capture food
Food: Heterotroph
Reproduction:
Asexually by mitosis and cytokinesis
Sexually by conjugation
Where: Fresh and Salt Water
Example: Paramecium

16. Ciliates

17. Sporozoans Common Name: Sporozoa Movement: Cannot move on their own
Food: Feed on other organisms
Reproduction: Sporozoites
Where: Variety of other organisms
Worms, fish, birds and humans
Example: Plasmodium

18. Sporozoans

19. Protista
8. The different types of protists are classified by how they get their food
Plant-like (Autotroph)
Animal-like (Heterotroph)
Fungi-like (Decomposer or Parasite)

20. Pseudopods 9. Pseudopods are temporary cytoplasmic projections
Extend out beyond the central mass of the cell
Cytoplasm streams into the pseudopod
The rest of the cell follow

21. Cilia 10. Cilia are tiny hair-like projections similar to flagella
The beating of the cilia are like the pull or hundreds of oars on an old ship
Propels cell rapidly through the water

22. Food Vacuole
Small cavity in the cytoplasm that temporarily stores food
Food is rapidly digested and passed to the rest of the cell
Undigestible food is stored until can be released

23. 12. Contractile vs Food Vacuole
Contractile vacuole: Specialize to collect water so the cell does not burst
Food Vacuole: Specializes in storing food
Differ in what they store

24. Ciliates 13. A ciliate needs two types of nuclei because:
Macronucleus: “working library” of genetic information
Multiple copies of genetic material needed day to day
Micronucleus: contain
“reserve copy” of the cell’s
genetic material

25. 14. During conjugation two cells exchange genetic material
Occurs under stress to help increases genetic diversity
NOTHING NEW IS FORMED!

27. Protozoa
15. Some animal-like protists cause serious diseases, including malaria and African sleeping sickness.

28. Malaria 16. Cycle of malarial infection (Plasmodium)
Only carried by female mosquito
Infected mosquito bites human
Mosquito’s saliva enter blood stream
Infects liver and blood cells and multiplies rapidly
Many strains are resistant to drugs

29. Symbiotic relationships Termite and protist in intestine
17.Benefits to Humans
Symbiotic relationships
Termite and protist in intestine
Recycle dead and decaying organisms

30. Symbiosis vs Mutualism
Symbiosis: Close relationship in which at least one of the species benefits
Mutualism: When both partners benefit from living together

31. Clown fish and sea anemone
Symbiosis Example
Clown fish and sea anemone

32. Plant-Like Protists
Unicellular Algae

33. 18. Four Phlya of Unicellular Algae
Euglenophyta (euglenophytes)
Chrysophytes (yellow-green and golden-green algae)
“Golden Plants)
Bacillariophyta (diatoms)
Pyrrophyta (Dinoflagellates)

34. Plant-like Protists
19. One of the key traits used to classify algae is the type of photosynthetic pigments they contain.
20. Algae have adapted to deeper water by evolving to have different types of chlorophyll
This attracts the different types/colors of light that reach the deeper areas

35. 21. Euglenophytes
A. Eyespot: Helps organism find sunlight to power photosynthesis
B. Pellicle: Cell membrane
Tough and flexible, letting euglenas crawl through mud when not enough water to swim

37. 22. Chrysophyta means “Golden Plants”
23. They get this name because they have gold-colored chloroplasts

38. Diatoms 24. The most abundant and beautiful organisms on Earth
25. Diatoms get their glass-like appearance because they contain silicon
The same substance that makes up glass

39. Dinoflagellates
26. Dinoflagellates get their food by both heterotroph and autotrophs
Use flagella to capture food and then ingest
Make their own food with photosyntheiss

40. Luminescent Dinoflagellates
27. When agitated by sudden movement, they give off light.

41. What are Phytoplankton?
28. Phytoplankton are small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean
The provide direct nourishment for organisms from shrimp to whales
About half the photosynthesis on Earth carried out by phytoplankton

42. Fungus-Like Protists
Pages

43. Examples of Fungus-Like Protists
34. Two examples are:
Slime Molds
Water Molds

44. 35. Slime Molds
A. Found in places that are damp and rich in organic matter (ex: floor of forest)
B. Two groups recognnized are cellular slime molds and acellular slime molds
C. They are difficult to classify as unicellular or multicellular because they can be both in their life cycle

45. Slime Mold

46. 36. Water Molds
A. Live on dead or decaying organic matter in water or parasites on land
B. Reproduce both sexually and asexaully in their lifecycle (Spores)
Hyphae: Thin filaments that develop into zoosporangia and used with reproduction

47. Water Mold

48. Recyclers
37. Slime molds and water molds are important as recyclers because they help things “rot”.
They help break down dead and decaying organisms and make sure they do not litter the ground

49. 38. Water Mold and Famine Water mold attacked potatoes
Farmers used it as a staple in their food
Basically destroyed all their food