1. Mitosis All cells undergo mitosis.
The nucleus divides to form two identical nuclei.
Organisms use mitosis to grow, replace cells, and asexual reproduction.
One cell becomes two cells, and each new cell has the identical number of chromosomes as the original.

2. Steps in Mitosis
Prophase – Nuclear membrane forms. Centrioles move toward end of cell and start making spindle fibers.
Metaphase – Chromosomes line up in the middle.
Anaphase – Chromosomes separate and get pulled to the end of the cell.
Telophase – New nuclear membranes form

3. Asexual Reproduction
Fission
Budding
Regeneration

4. Meiosis Egg + Sperm = Zygote This process is called fertilization.
Meiosis occurs in sex cells, the egg (female) and sperm (male).
1 cell becomes 4 cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.

5. Steps in Meiosis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
I wouldn’t worry too much about this page.)

6. Meiosis, what you need need to know.
Two division of nuclei occur.
Offspring will have the same number of chromosomes as their parents.

7. DNA DNA is the directions for our cells.
Genes, a section of the chromosome, tell the cell to make a specific protein.
Proteins are used to build our body!
Two strands of sugar-phosphate molecules.
Rungs are made of nitrogen bases.
Adenine always pairs with Thymine
Cytosine always pairs with Guanine.

8. Mutations
DNA copies itself.
Messenger RNA carries directions from the nucleus to the ribosome, which then makes the protein from amino acids.
Transfer RNA moves amino acids around.
Cells can turn off the genes they don’t need (you don’t need skin cells making proteins to be used to build nerve cells).
A permanent change in DNA is a mutation.
Mutations can be good, bad, or neither.
Mutations can be caused by x-rays, sunlight, chemicals, or radiation.