1. Chapter 3 Human Geography

2. Ch 3 Section 1 Words to Know page 58 in the textbook
Population
**Birth rate
**Death rate
Rate of natural increase
Population density
Urbanization
**Demographer- someone that studies the characteristics of populations
Habitable lands
Urban
Rural

3. The geography of population
Population is the total number of people who live in a specific area.
The population of the world is over 7 billion

4. Measuring growth
Geographers measure population growth by figuring out how many people have been born and how many have died, how many have moved into and how many have moved out of a specific area.
Birth rate- measures the number of births per year per 1,000
Death rate- measures the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.
The rate of natural increase- the death rate is subtracted from the birth rate, this is the population growth that results from natural processes of birth and death.

5. Chapter 3 Section 3 Resources and Economics

6. Natural resources
These are things that are found in nature that are necessary or useful to humans
Forests
Mineral deposits
Fresh water
Necessary for economic development

7. Types of resources Unlimited Renewable Non-Renewable
Resources used to produce energy
Sunlight, geothermal heat, winds and tides.
Always available no matter what amount is used
Renewable
Can be replaced through natural processes
Trees, animals, other living things.
Can be lost if they are used faster than they are replaced
Non-Renewable
Can’t be replaced once they have been removed from the ground Can be used up!
Metals (gold, iron) fossil fuels (oil and coal)
Once they are used up, these resources are gone forever.

8. Economic Systems
Economy- consists of the production and exchange of goods and services among a group of people. Economies exist at the local, regional, national and international levels
Economic Systems- are different ways that people use resources to make and exchange goods and services.

9. 4 Basic economic systems
Traditional
Goods and services are traded, but money is rarely exchanged. Called “barter” system and is the oldest economic system…..not used much today.
Command
Is one in which production of goods and services are decided by a central government. The government usually owns most of the resources and businesses that make the products or provide the services. This type of economy is also called a “planned” economy
Market
When the production of goods and services is determined by the supply and demand of consumers. It is also known as a “demand” economy, or CAPITALISM. This is the type of economy in the United States
Mixed
In this economy, a combination of command and market economies provides goods and services.

10. Measuring Economic Growth
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
This measures the total value of all the goods and services produced in a country in a year. Countries are divided into two categories based on economic development
Developing- low GDP (few economic activities)
Developed Nations- high GDP (many economic activities)

11. World Trade Exports-Products or resources sold to other countries
Imports-Products or resources that come into a country
Specialization-focusing on producing and selling one or two products
Raw materials- low cost items, developing countries specialize in raw materials while developed nations focus on high- level tech items.

12. Chapter 3 Section 4 Why We Need Government
Government- is an organization set up to make and enforce rules for a group of people
A citizen is a person who owes loyalty to a country and receives its protection.
A government also acts on behalf of the people when it deals with other countries.

13. Types of Governments Representative Democracy
Officials are elected, citizens hold power
People can work to change laws or change representatives through elections
USA

14. Monarchy Ruling family headed by a king, queen or emperor
Power may or may not be shared with citizens
Saudi Arabia (monarch has complete power)
United Kingdom (constitutional monarchy- power of monarchy is limited by a constitution)

15. Oligarchy
A form of government where a small group of people holds power, usually because they are rich.
Burma

16. Dictatorship
In a dictatorship an individual has complete political power
North Korea

17. Communism
All political power and control of the economy is held by the government, which is controlled by the Communist Party. The government controls all economic goods and services
Cuba

18. Being an active citizen
As a citizen in a democracy, you have important responsibilities
Obeying the laws
Voting
Paying taxes
Serving on a jury
Defending your country (the military)
Being an informed voter