1. Chapter 14

2. Westward Expansion 1850: half of Americans under 30
Population doubling every 25 years

3. Pioneers
Hard lives
Spread out
Harsh living conditions

4. Environmental Impacts
Exhausted land, moved on
Beaver and buffalo almost extinct
“ecological imperialism”
George Gatlin- 1872

5. US Growing
1860: 13 states to 33
US 4th most populous in the world (Russia, France, Austria)

6. Urban Growth
1790: 2 cities w/ over 20,000 people
1860: 43

7. Urbanization brings problems
No infrastructure
Cities poorly laid out
Impure water, sewage problems
Animals

8. Growth in population:
Birth rate
Immigration (Europe)

9. Irish Potato famine (2 million people dead)
Settle in the east (NY and Boston)
2 million immigrated b/w

10. Germans
: 1.5 million
Mostly farmers and some political refugees
Influenced American culture:
Christmas trees
Public education (kindergarten)
Anti-slavery

11. Nativism and Antiforeignism
“outbreed, outvote, and overwhelm” the native Americans
Jobs
Catholic v. Protestant- schools

12. Industrial Revolution

13. Technological Advancements in America
Textile machines
Steam engines
Interchangeable parts (Eli Whitney)
Cotton gin (Eli Whitney)
Canals (Erie)
Railroads
Telegraph
Factories (Samuel Slater)

14. Shift in America
Subsistence farming to producing goods
Entrepreneurs

15. Lowell System
Young women
8 hrs/day
Town built around a factory

17. Cultural Trends during TP #4
2nd Great Awakening
Women’s Rights
Utopian Societies
Transcendentalism

18. Causes of the 2nd Great Awakening
Late 1700s-early 1800s:
“religious liberalism”
Deism
Unitarianism

19. The 2nd Great Awakening 1800-1820ish
Begun in the south, spread throughout country
“camp meetings”

22. “feminization of religion”
Membership and participation

23. Itinerant Preachers
Charles Finney

24. Religious diversity Methodist and Baptist churches split over slavery
Mormons/LDS

25. Mormon Leaders

27. 2nd Great Awakening: Religious revival in response to liberalism
Early 1800s
Feminization of religion
Itinerant preachers
“Religious variety”

28. Women’s Rights Education Participation in reform movements
Equality/Seneca Falls

29. Education
Too much education “injured the feminine brain, undermined health, and rendered a young lady unfit for marriage”

30. Higher education for women
Oberlin College
Mount Holyoke College

32. Reform Movements Spurred by 2nd Great Awakening
Debtors, criminals, mentally challenged

33. Dorothea Dix
Campaigned against “insane asylums”

34. Gender differences Women: Could not vote
Could be beaten by husband with a “reasonable instrument”
Did not retain property rights
“Cult of domesticity”

35. Move towards equality
10% of women remained “spinsters”

36. Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Refused to say “obey”
in her marriage vows

37. Susan B. Anthony
One of the most aggressive and famous

38. Elizabeth Blackwell
First female graduate of medical school

39. Lucy Stone
Kept maiden name

40. Amelia Bloom “Gibbey, gibbey gab The women had a confab
And demanded the rights
To wear the tights
Gibbery, gibbey gab”

41. Seneca Falls Convention
New York- 1848
Declaration of Sentiments
“all men and women are created equal”
Right to vote for women

42. Abolition
Harriet Beecher Stowe

43. Utopian Societies
“lunatic fringe”

44. Oneida Community Free love (“complex marriage”) Birth control
Eugenic selection of parents

45. Shakers
Monastic customs- no marriage
Died out

46. Transcendentalism
Truth cannot be found by observation alone, every person possesses an inner light that will illuminate truth.
Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau

47. Walden: Or, Life in the Woods
“I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived. I did not wish to live what was not life, living is so dear; nor did I wish to practise resignation, unless it was quite necessary. I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life, to live so sturdily and Spartan-like as to put to rout all that was not life, to cut a broad swath and shave close, to drive life into a corner, and reduce it to its lowest terms.”