1. Chapter#2 ~Information Science
prepared by Huriye Gürsel

2. Discussion Topics
What distinguishes a living ‘thing’ from a non-living ‘thing’?
How is ‘information’ encoded in a living system and in a non- living system?
Do you really know what the word ‘scientific theory’ stands for?
What conditions are required for DNA, a sophisticated information source, to be formed?
Does physics only concern non-living things?

3. alternatively; operationally impossible
Def Information
that which can be communicated through symbolic language.
distinction between meaningful information & data
In the field of Information of Science, probability terms:
Possible ~ a non-zero probability
Feasible ~ capable of being done
Probable ~ possible of occurence more than 50%
Infeasible ~impractical, not capable of being put in practice
alternatively; operationally impossible
Impossible ~ a zero chance of occurence

4. Main Categories of Information
Information is everywhere!
Main Categories of Information
Shannon Information
Functional Information
Prescriptive Information

5. Shannon Information A mathematical measure of probability...
Random data which does not require meaning!

6. Functional Information
Data which requires meaning!
Eg. Traffic Lights
Information;
sent by the source,
understood by the receiver,
a method of safe travel is ensured!

7. Prescriptive Information
Alternative name: Instructional Information
The receiver must have the knowledge of the source’s alphabet, rules & encryption to depicher the message & act on it.
Eg. Matlab, latex

8. Video...

9. INFORMATION
Non-living system Living system
something that exists! there exists a unique
information code:
GTG CCA GCA GCC GCG GTA ATT CCA GCT CCA ATA GCG TAT ATT AAA GTT GCT GCA GTT AAA AAG
From apples to elephants, bacteria to humans; all living things carry this specific coding in each cell of theirs.!

10. LIFE?
How could a non-living material develop the hardware (chemistry) and software (information) known to be required by all living organisms?
How did nature develop the arbitrary protocols for communication and coordination among the thousands of computers in each cell?

11. Otherwise, life fails to exist!
Living ‘thing’
Non-living ‘thing’
Capability for growth, reproduction, respiration, metabolism, movement.
Capable of responding to stimuli.
Capable of evolving and adapting to their environment.
Life requires fully functional DNA, RNA, ATP, enzymes and other proteins.
Otherwise, life fails to exist!
some seem to display growth; however the process does NOT occur by metabolic rxns which is the characteristic of a living thing!
movement: due to external influence

12. Life & Information
Although there exists no agreed definition of life, all living organisms are information processors. They store a genetic database and replicate it, with occasional errors. Thus, providing the raw material for natural selection.
Require energy to continue their existence.

13. BIOLOGY CHEMISTRY PHYSICS
All Linked Together!
BIOLOGY CHEMISTRY PHYSICS

14. INFORMATION SCIENCE INFORMATION Information scientist:
Living Things
DNA
Classical Information
Quantum Information
Information scientist:
a sender & a receiver
physicist: a system & an observer
INFORMATION

15. Let us start from information in living ‘systems’
INFORMATION SCIENCE
Let us start from information in living ‘systems’

16. How was life originated?
Video...

17. How Was Life Originated?
LUCA: Last Universal Common Ancestor

18. The Miller Urey Experiment
In1953, biochemists Stanley Miller and Harold Urey, conducted an experiment
which demonstrated
that several
organic compounds
could be formed
spontaneously by
simulating the
conditions of
Earth's early
atmosphere…

19. This research is both a link to the experimental foundations of astrobiology as well as an exciting result leading toward greater understanding of how life might have arisen on Earth! Carl Pilcher, Director of the NASA Astrobiology Institute

20. The Miller Urey Experiment c. o. f…
“They designed an apparatus which held a mix of gases similar to those found in Earth's early atmosphere over a pool of water, representing Earth's early ocean. Electrodes delivered an electric current, simulating lightning, into the gas-filled chamber. After allowing the experiment to run for one week, they analyzed the contents of the liquid pool. They found that several organic amino acids had formed spontaneously from inorganic raw materials. These molecules collected together in the pool of water to form coacervates.”

21. The Miller Urey Experiment c. o. f…
“Their experiments, along with considerable geological, biological, and chemical evidence, lends support to the theory that the first life forms arose spontaneously through naturally occurring chemical reactions.”

23. “What’s Going on?”
Huriye Huriye
SAME INFORMATION?

24. INFORMATION?
Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things.

25. The Code of Life
DNA ~ Deoxyribonucleic acid code of life

26. The Coding Sequence The code letters: A, C, G & T
The sequence of the four bases encodes genetic structures used in the development & functioning of all known living organisms.
Once organised, this information is what makes up the genes and genes contain the recipes for the components of life.
Chemically, the DNA and the cells of my body is the same as that in an orange or an elephant. The uniqueness to all of those species lays in the INFORMATION content of the DNA the actual information embedded in that chemistry is very different. The difficult task is understanding COMPLETELY what that info means!

27. Some Definitions Chromosomes? DNA double helix? mRNA & its function?
Genes?

28. STRUCTURE OF CHROMOSOMES
Histone + DNA helix = 1 Chromosome

29. DNA Double Helix Nitrogenous Bases?
Nucleotides: “building blocks of DNA”
Nitrogenous Bases?

30. A Closer Look at Nitrogenous Bases

31. DNA Single Strand & Its Chemical Structure

32. mRNA & Its Function

33. mRNA & Its Function

34. mRNA & Its Function c. o. f.

35. Genes

36. AMINOACIDS