1. Earth’s climate through time

2. dinosaurs

3. mammoths

4. Geologic Time Scale

5. Late Precambrian ice age
Cambrian explosion

6. Late Precambrian ice age

7. Cambrian explosion

8. Cambrian explosion

9. Cambrian explosion

10. Cambrian explosion

11. Cambrian explosion

12. Ordovician ice age

13. Ordovician

14. Permo-Carboniferous ice age

15. Devonian/Carboniferous

16. Phanerozoic CO2

17. Permo-Carboniferous ice age

18. Permian

19. Mesozoic - Age of the Dinosaurs

20. Triassic

21. Jurassic

22. Cretaceous

23. Cretaceous

24. Cretaceous

25. Cenozoic cooling

26. Cenozoic cooling

27. Eocene

28. Miocene

29. • position & size of continents
Key factors
Radiative forcing
• solar variability
Greenhouse forcing
• carbon dioxide
• water vapor
Tectonic forcing
• position & size of continents
• mountain building
• ocean circulation

30. CO2 - temp

31. Plio-Pleistocene onset of northern hemisphere glaciation
41,000 year world
100,000 year world

32. Plio-Pleistocene

33. Vostok CO2

34. 100 kyr cycle
global
equatorial
New Zealand 45 S
78 S

35. Dansgaard-Oeschger events

36. Bermuda Rise SST

37. Northern hemisphere ice sheets at the last glacial maximum (LGM)
global temperature was 6˚C lower
sea level was 120 m lower

38. glacial - interglacial cycles over the last 2 million years

39. 120 meters lower at the LGM (20,000 year ago)
sea level
120 meters lower at the LGM (20,000 year ago)

40. ice age cycles

41. mammoths

42. dry valleys

43. West Antarctica

44. abrupt climate change

45. Heinrich events

46. Heinrich events