1. Antibodies

2. Immune System
organs and tissues that work together to protect the body from infection

3. Immune System
includes skin, white blood cells, and special proteins called antibodies

4. White Blood Cells
immune system cells that move through blood and other body fluids to protect the body against foreign cells and viruses that may cause disease

5. Antibodies
large Y-shaped proteins found in the blood or other body fluids
produced by special white blood cells

6. Antibodies an antibody will only bind to a specific antigen
like a key that can only open a specific lock

7. Antigen “antibody generator”
a substance on the surface of a cell or virus
most often are proteins or carbohydrates
antigens can stimulate special white blood cells to make antibodies
our bodies recognize which antigens belong to us and which antigens are “foreign”
antibodies are only produced for foreign antigens

8. How do antibodies work?
each antibody is different at the “tips” of the Y
they are all built to identify and/or attack only one kind of antigen

9. How do antibodies work?
antibodies cause antigens to stick together

10. ABO Blood Types
human blood types are determined by antigens and antibodies
two possible antigens present on the outside of human red blood cells

11. ABO Blood Types
two antibodies made by humans to recognize “foreign” blood cell antigens

12. Blood Agglutination
when blood types mix, the antibodies of the recipient may “stick to” the antigens of the donor blood causing clumping or clotting
these “clumps” can block blood vessels causing heart attacks or strokes

13. Rh factor Blood Types
human red blood cells blood also may contain a family of antigens called the Rh factor

14. Rh factor Blood Types
named after the Rhesus monkey in which they were first discovered

15. Rh factor Blood Types
agglutination can also occur because of the Rh factor antigens

16. Rh factor and Pregnancies
Rh negative mothers who have a Rh positive child may have complications in additional pregnancies involving Rh positive children

17. Rh factor and Pregnancies

18. Pathogens antibodies attach to antigens on the outside of a pathogen
pathogen – a cell or virus that can cause illness

19. How do antibodies work?
each antibody is different at the “tips” of the Y
they are all built to identify and/or attack only one kind of antigen

20. Pathogens
antigens from pathogens are recognized by our immune systems as foreign
each type of bacteria and virus produce unique antigens
in other words, each type of antibody can only attack one type of virus or bacteria

21. Pathogens antibodies cause pathogen particles to stick together
for example, an antibody built to attack the flu virus is unable to help against a cold virus
antibodies cause pathogen particles to stick together
makes it tougher for pathogen to move, make toxins, and replicate
makes it easier for white blood cells to attack

22. Immunity
after being exposed to a pathogen, your body remembers the antigens and has antibodies prepared for the next attack

23. Vaccines
substances used to begin the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases
introduce the body to the antigen without inducing the disease

24. Vaccines
Brain POP Video
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25. Types of Vaccines Live, attenuated vaccines Inactivated vaccines
Subunit vaccines

26. Live, attenuated
contain a version of the living microbe that has been weakened in the lab so it can’t cause disease

27. Inactivated Vaccines
produce inactivated vaccines by killing the disease- causing microbe with chemicals, heat, or radiation

28. Subunit vaccines
instead of the entire microbe, subunit vaccines include only the antigens that best stimulate the immune system

29. Herd Immunity What is a herd? What is its purpose?
History of Vaccines Simulation

30. Herd Immunity
immunity to a pathogen in an entire population based on the acquired immunity to it by a high percentage of its members over time
helps protect people that can’t get vaccines
allergic to vaccine ingredients
weak immune systems (i.e. leukemia)

31. Summary
Describe why the structure of an antibody is important to that antibody being able to perform its function.