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Fig. 2. VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 signaling increases responsiveness of melanoma to immunotherapy.
VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 signaling increases responsiveness of melanoma to immunotherapy. Tumor growth and survival of three different melanoma models treated with control (Iso) or αR3-blocking antibodies receiving different immunotherapies (arrows indicate times of administration). (A and B) B16-OVA/VC tumors treated with ATT in (A) WT (n ≥ 15) and (B) K14-VEGFR-3-Ig mice that lack dermal lymphatics (n = 4). ns, not significant. (C to F) B16-OVA/VC tumors in WT mice treated with (C) ex vivo activated DCs (DC vax; n = 6), (D) 50 μg of CpG (n = 6), (E) 10 μg of OVA + 50 μg of CpG (n ≥ 8), and (F) 2 μg of Trp2 peptide–conjugated nanoparticles (NP-Trp2) + 50 μg of CpG (n = 7). (G) B16/VC tumors treated with NP-Trp μg of CpG (n = 6). (H) Tamoxifen-induced tumors in BrafV600E/Pten−/− mice treated with CpG + gp100 peptide (days 8 and 12) and anti–PD-1 antibody (day 12 and every 4 days thereafter). Each panel shows data from one (B to D, F, and G), two (E), or three (A) independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < by two-tailed Student’s t test for growth curves and log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test for comparing survival curves. Manuel Fankhauser et al., Sci Transl Med 2017;9:eaal4712 Published by AAAS
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