1. MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX “Derivational Markers”
Cycilia Novita
Ika Andyastuti
Kamelia
Nurul Islami Gustari Dewi

2. Morpheme
Free Morpheme
Lexical
Functional
Bound Morpeheme
Derivational
Prefixes
Suffixes
Noun Markers
Adjective Markers
Adverb Markers
Inflectional

3. Definition Derivational Morpheme
The morpheme which produces a new lexeme from a base (Bauer, 1988: 12). 
Bound morphemes which derive or create new words by either changing the meaning or the part of speech or both (Sari, 1988: 82).

4. Types of Derivational Morphemes
Derivational morphemes can be classified into two :
1. Derivational prefixes
Prefix is a morpheme added in before the root of a word that adds meaning or emphasis.
-un, -in, -re, -dis, -mis, -pre, -a
2. Derivational suffixes Suffix is a morpheme added after or “under” the base of a word that adds meaning to and/or indicates the part of speech of a word.
-er, -ment, -ness, -ion, -able, -ful, -less, -en, -ify, -ize, -ly

5. Derivational Prefixes
All prefixes in English are derivational, so that all the prefixes in English create new meaning or create new words, but most prefixes do not change part of speech.
The  prefix which can change the part of speech, example :
En-
En- + large (adjective)  Enlarge (verb)
En- + danger (noun)  Endanger (verb) A-
A- + side (noun)  Aside (adverb)

6. 1. Prefix un- ADJECTIVE  ADJECTIVE Meaning “not” Prefix Base
Derived Word
(adjective) 
Meaning
Un-  
Able           
Unable   
Not able
Important
Unimportant
Not important
Un-       
Acceptable
Unacceptable
Not acceptable
Un-
Believable
Unbelievable
Not believable
VERB  VERB Meaning “to do the opposite”
Prefix 
Base
(verb)
Derived Word
(verb) 
Meaning
Un-  
Do                      
Undo 
To do the opposite  of doing
Lock
Unlock
To do the opposite of locking
Cover
Uncover
To do the opposite of covering

7. 2. Prefix in- ADJECTIVE  ADJECTIVE Meaning “not” Prefix Base
Derived Word
(adjective) 
Meaning
In-  
Formal            
Informal
Not formal
Tolerant
Intolerant
Not tolerant
In-       
Legal
Illegal
Not legal
In-
Polite
Impolite
Not polite
NOUN  NOUN
Prefix 
Base
(noun)
Derived Word
(noun) 
Meaning
In-  
Balance          
Imbalance
Absence of balance
Decorum
Indecorum
Lack of decorum
Decision
Indecision
The state of being unable to decide

8. 3. Prefix re- VERB  VERB Meaning “again” Prefix Base (verb)
Derived Word
(verb) 
Meaning
Re- 
Arrange       
Rearrange
Arrange again
Re-
Write
Rewrite
Write again
Select
Reselect
Select again
Consider
Reconsider
Consider again
Pay
Repay
Pay again
Count
Recount
Count again
Adjust
Readjust
Adjust again

9. 4. Prefix dis- VERB  VERB Meaning “not” Prefix Base (verb)
Derived Word
(verb) 
Meaning
Dis-
Like
Dislike
Not like
Agree
Disagree
Not agree
NOUN  NOUN
Prefix 
Base
(noun)
Derived Word
(noun) 
Meaning
Dis-
Connect
Disconnect
Take apart
Advantage
Disadvantage
Unfavorablecondition
ADJECTIVE  ADJECTIVE Meaning “not”
Prefix 
Base
(adjective)
Derived Word
(adjective) 
Meaning
Dis-
Honest
Dishonest
Not honest
Similar
Dissimilar
Not similar

10. 5. Prefix miss- VERB  VERB Meaning “wrong” Prefix Base (verb)
Derived Word
(verb) 
Meaning
Mis-
Direct
Misdirect
Direct wrongly
Judge
Misjudge
Judge wrongly
Match
Mismatch
Match wrongly
Quote
Misquote
Quote wrongly
Remember
Misremember
Remember wrongly
understand
Misunderstand
Understand wrongly

11. 6. Prefix pre- VERB  VERB Meaning “before” Prefix Base (verb)
Derived Word
(verb) 
Meaning
Pre-
Arrange
Prearrange
Arrange before
Cook
Precook
Cook before
Determine
Predetermine
Determine before
Select
Preselect
Select before
Wash
Prewash
Wash before

12. 7. Prefix a- ADJECTIVE  ADJECTIVE Meaning “not” Prefix Base
Derived Word
(adjective) 
Meaning A-
Moral
Amoral
Not concerned with morals
Political
Apolitical
Uninvolved  with politics
Typical
Atypical
Not typical
Sexual
Asexual
Without sex
Social
Asocial
Antisocial

13. Derivational Suffixes
Most of the derivational suffixes in English change the part of speech and change the meaning .
The  suffix which do not change the part of speech, example :
-ist
Art (noun) ist  Artist (noun)
-ian
Music (noun) ist  Musician (noun)
Library (noun) ist  Librarian (noun)
-hood
Child (noun) hood  Childhood (noun)
Neighbor (noun) hood  Neighborhood (noun)

14. 1. Suffix -er VERB  NOUN Meaning “a person who performs an action”
Base
(verb)
Derived Word
(noun) 
Meaning
-er
Drive
Driver
A person who drives
Teach
Teacher
A person who teaches
Sing
singer
A person who sings
Dance
dancer
A person who dances
Kill
Killer
A person who kills

15. 2. Suffix -ment VERB  NOUN Meaning “abstract noun” Suffix Base (verb)
Derived Word
(noun) 
-ment
Agree
Agreement
Develop
Development
Argue
Argument
Commit
Commitment
Govern
Government

16. 3. Suffix -ness
ADJECTIVE  NOUN Meaning “expressing a state or a condition”
Suffix  
Base
(adjective)
Derived Word
(noun) 
-ness
Bright
Brightness
Bitter
Bitterness
Happy
Happiness
Hard
Hardness
Sad
sadness

17. 4. Suffix -ion VERB  NOUN Suffix Base (adjective) Derived Word (noun)
Educate
Discuss
Discussion
Act
Action

18. 5. Suffix -able VERB  ADJECTIVE Suffix Base (adjective) Derived Word
(noun) 
-able
Eat
Eatable
Predict
Predictable
Read
Readable
NOUN  ADJECTIVE
Suffix  
Base
(adjective)
Derived Word
(noun) 
-able
Confort
Comfortable
Market
Marketable
Profit
Profitable

19. 5. Suffix -ful NOUN  ADJECTIVE Suffix Base (adjective) Derived Word
Beauty
Beautiful
Care
Careful
Use
Useful
Wonder
Wonderful
Pain
Painful

20. 6. Suffix -less NOUN  ADJECTIVE Suffix Base (adjective) Derived Word
Home
Homeless
Use
Useless
Care
Careless

21. 7. Suffix -en ADJECTIVE  VERB Suffix Base (adjective) Derived Word
(noun) 
-en
Wide
Widen
Ripe
Ripen
Sharp
Sharpen
Short
Shorten

22. 8. Suffix -ify ADJECTIVE  VERB Suffix Base (adjective) Derived Word
(noun) 
-ify
Clear
Clarify
Pure
Purify
Specific
Specify
NOUN  VERB
Suffix  
Base
(adjective)
Derived Word
(noun) 
-ify
Identity
Identify
Beauty
Beautify

23. 9. Suffix -ize NOUN  VERB Suffix Base (adjective) Derived Word (noun)
Apology
Apologize
Memory
Memorize
Victim
Victimize
ADJECTIVE  VERB
Suffix  
Base
(adjective)
Derived Word
(noun) 
-ize
Local
Localize
Real
Realize
Mobile
Mobilize
Vocal
vocalize

24. 10. Suffix -ly ADJECTIVE  ADVERB Suffix Base (adjective) Derived Word
(noun) 
-ly
Beautiful
Beautifully
Careful
Carefully
Angry
Angrily
Loud
Loudly
Happy
Happily

25. Conclusion
Morphemes can be classified into two namely free morphemes and bound morphemes.
Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot meaningfully stand alone. It means that bound morphemes must be attached to other morphemes.
Bound morphemes are also called affixes which can be prefixes, infixes, or suffixes.
All prefixes are derivational but most of the prefixes do not change part of speech. Only several prefixes change the part of speech. 
Most derivational English suffixes change part of speech.