1. A New Kind of War
Chapter 11
Section 2

2. Stalemate on the Western Front
Why the Schlieffen Plan failed
Russia mobilized more quickly than expected
British and French troops halted their advance at the first battle of the Marne
Both sides dug deep trenches for protection
Begins Trench Warfare
Battle lines would remain almost unchanged for the next 4 years

4. Human Cost 1916 – Germans attempted a massive offensive at Verdun
French cried, “They shall not pass!” and held firm
Lasted 11 months with more than 500,000 casualties

6. Human Cost Same year, Allies attempt offensive at Somme River
Lasted 5 months with over 1 million dead
During one battle, 60,000 died in one day

8. Technology of Modern Warfare
Two most significant:
Rapid-fire machine gun
Long-range artillery gun
Killed/wounded more than machine gun
Shelled enemy from more than 10 miles away

11. Technology of Modern Warfare
Poison Gas
Introduced in 1915 – first by Germans, then Allies
Soldiers eventually given gas masks
Blinded, choked, burned or blistered
Winds could blow it back on you
Chemical weapons would later be banned by the Geneva Protocol in 1925 (but not production)

13. Technology of Modern Warfare
Tanks:
1916 – Britain uses first armored tank
Mounted with machine guns
Designed to cross no-man’s land
Broke down often, did not break stalemate

16. Technology of Modern Warfare
Planes:
First used to observe troop movements
1915 – Germans use Zeppelins to bomb British coast
Both sides soon put machine guns on planes
“Flying Aces” fought each other in air, but had little effect on ground war

20. Technology of Modern Warfare
Submarines:
Most significant new vehicle
German Unterseeboot (U-boats)
Sunk merchant ships carrying supplies to Britain
Allies set up convoys, protected by warships

22. Eastern Front Not in trenches Casualties higher
Russians least industrialized power
Some troops lack rifles
1914 – Russians defeated at Tannenberg, retreat back to Russia

23. Eastern Front 1915 – Bulgaria joins Central Powers
Helps defeat Serbia
1916 – Romania joins Allies
Wants land in Hungary
Crushed by Central Powers

24. Eastern Front
1915 – Italy declares war on Austria-Hungary (later on Germany)
Secret treaty with Allies to give them some Austrian lands
For 2 years fought 11 major battles along Isonzo River
1917 – Germans and Austrians launch major offensive at Caporetto, pushing into Italy
Britain and France helped stop, but Italy shaken

25. War Around the World 1914 – Ottomans join Central Powers
Cut Allied supply lines to Russia through Dardanelles
Battle of Gallipoli
April 25, 1915 – Allies send British, Indian, Australian, and New Zealander troops to strait
Turkish (Ottoman) troops trap Allies on peninsula
Allis retreat in January 1916 after 10 months and 200,000 casualties
ANZAC Day

26. War Around the World
Turkey (Ottomans) fighting Russia in Caucasus mountains
Home to Armenians divided between Russia and Turkey
As Christians, some Armenians side with Russia
As a result, Ottomans deport entire Armenian population south to Syria and Mesopotamia
Between 600,000 and 1,500,000 died
Planned massacres
Starved during forced march
Many fled, some to the U.S., leaving Armenia almost without Armenians

27. War Around the World April 24th – Day of the Armenian Genocide
Armenians say Turks committed Genocide
Turkey maintains it was Civil War
Turkey is currently an important ally

28. War Around the World Ottomans hard hit in Middle East
1916 – Arab nationalists led by Husayn ibn Ali revolt
British send T. E. Lawrence (“Lawrence of Arabia”) to support revolt
Helped lead guerilla raids
Ottomans lost great deal of territory, including Baghdad

29. War and the Colonies
Some had mixed feelings about fighting for Colonial ruler that treated them unfairly
Some expected service would be step toward citizenship or independence
Such hopes were dashed after war.

30. On his last mission, Cher Ami was shot through the breast by enemy fire, yet he managed to return to his loft. A message capsule was found dangling from the ligaments of one of his legs that also had been shattered by enemy fire. The capsule contained a message from Major Charles Whittlesey of the 77th Infantry Division (the “Lost Battalion”).
Was awarded the French "Croix de Guerre" with Palm for his heroic service.
On display in the Smithsonian, was as famous as any soldier of the war