1. What are biomes?
Major types of ecological associations that occupy broad geographic regions of land or water that results from climate and other abiotic factors

2. Earth’s tilt causes the seasons

3. Uneven heating causes rain and winds

4. Ocean Currents

5. Aquatic Biomes Marine Biomes
Affected by amount of sunlight – different zones
Intertidal zone – pounding waves on shoreline
Only certain animals and plants grow well here, sedentary organisms and burying organisms

6. Marine Aquatic Photic zone – near the surface to 200m deep
Coral reefs, phytoplankton, zooplankton, sponges, fish, marine mammals
Aphotic zone – not enough light for photosynthesis
Mainly crustaceans, small fishes

8. Freshwater
Lakes, ponds
Rivers, Streams
Marshes

9. Tropical Rainforest

10. Savanna

11. Desert

12. Chaparral

13. Temperate Grasslands

14. Temperate forests

15. Coniferous Forests

16. Tundra

17. Polar

18. Biogeochemical Cycles
Cycling maintains homeostasis (balance) in the environment.
4 cycles to investigate:
1. Water cycle
2. Carbon cycle
3. Nitrogen cycle
4. Phosphorus cycle

19. Evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation
Water cycle-
This is how the land biomes and aquatic biomes interrelate
It involves:
Evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation

20. Water cycle-

21. Precipitation fact
How many gallons of water fall when 1 inch of rain falls onto 1 acre of land?
27,000

24. Carbon Cycle
What is carbon and why is it important?

25. Carbon cycle-
Carbon is an element and the basic building block of life. It is needed to form proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.

26. Carbon cycle-
Photosynthesis and respiration cycle carbon and oxygen through the environment.

27. Carbon cycle-

28. CO2 in atmosphere
CO2 helps the Earth stay warm. It is a green house gas.
Can be good – we need sun’s energy to stay on Earth
But an increase in greenhouse gasses can warm the planet.

29. CO2 levels and temperature levels have fluctuated over time
The Earth has had temperatures warmer than now, and colder than now. We’ve seen CO2 levels lower than now, but this has been the most sudden increase that we have seen.

32. Nitrogen Cycle Why do we need nitrogen?
Important for proteins – muscles, hair, skin
Important for DNA and RNA

33. Nitrogen cycle-
Atmospheric nitrogen (N2) makes up nearly 78%-80% of air.
Organisms can not use it in that form.
Lightning and bacteria convert nitrogen into usable forms – nitrogen fixation.

34. Nitrogen cycle-
Nitrogen fixation-convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonium (NH4+) which can be used to make proteins.
N2 NH4+

35. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria:
Nitrogen cycle-
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria:
Some live in a symbiotic relationship with plants of the legume family (e.g., soybeans, clover, peanuts).
Some live free in the soil

37. Nitrogen Cycle Atmospheric nitrogen Lightning
Denitrification by bacteria
Animals
Nitrogen fixing bacteria
Plants
Decomposers
Nitrification by bacteria
Nitrites
Nitrates
Ammonium

38. How do you get nitrogen in the soil?
Fertilizers
Cover crops – legumes that utilize the symbiotic relationships

39. Phosphorous Cycle
Phosphorus is important for cell DNA and RNA (controls our cells), fats, and ATP
Also part of animal bones and teeth
Helps plants grow – found in fertilizers
Doesn’t involve the atmosphere, rocks are only source

40. (millions of years)

41. Too much phosphorus and nitrogen?
Too much run-off with phosphorus
can pollute aquatic biomes

43. Recap Last week – Finished the biomes Biogeochemical cycles
Four: Water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus
Important elements/compound for organisms
Now on to Population Dynamics

44. Population Dynamics
Population sizes vary over time due to biotic and abiotic factors
Some change slowly – ie. Trees in a mature forest
- some change quickly –
ie. Bacteria – can double
every two minutes

45. Growth Models Exponential Growth
Idealized growth model when there is no restriction on organism growth and reproduction
Not realistic

46. Growth Models Logistic growth
Idealized growth that is then slowed by limiting factors as time goes on

47. What is a limiting factor?
Look back in your notes
Limiting factors:
any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence of organisms in a specific environment.
What are some examples?

48. Density Dependent Limiting Factor
A limiting factor that depends on the density (number of species in environment) of the population.
What are some examples?
Competition for space, food, water, sunlight, etc.
Predator and prey
Parasitism

49. Density Independent Limiting Factor
A limiting factor that affects a population regardless of the size of the population.
Natural disasters – flooding, fires, extreme temperatures

50. Carrying Capacity
Maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain

51. Kaibab Graph

52. What happened at Kaibab Plateau?
All predators killed
Deer numbers increased exponentially
Crashed due to starvation (started to allow hunting again to help manage the population)

53. Wolves and Deer
How was the ‘Deer Island’ scenario different?

54. Predator and Prey population Curve

55. Predator and Prey population Curve
There is a common population curve
More food for predators so predators increase
Predators eat the prey so prey decreases
Prey increase
What’s an example?
Fewer predators leads to…
Decrease in prey leads to decrease in predators

56. Predator and Prey population Curve

58. Toxins in food chains – also impacts populations
While energy decreases as it moves up the food chain, toxins increase in potency.
This is called biological
magnification
Treehaven program

63. What did you notice? What causes the declines in the deer population?
What was the carrying capacity?
Was this the same as the relationship between the lynx and hare?
How is it different/similar?

64. Density Dependent Limiting Factor
A limiting factor that depends on the density (number of individuals in environment) of the population.
What are some examples?
Competition for space, food, water, sunlight, etc.
Predator and prey
Parasitism

67. Density Independent Limiting Factor
A limiting factor that affects a population regardless of the size of the population.
Weather
Natural disasters – flooding, fires, extreme temperatures

69. Toxins in food chains – also impacts populations
While energy decreases as it moves up the food chain, toxins increase in potency.
This is called biological
magnification
Treehaven program

70. Today
You need to read any two sections from the following list : 37.12, 37.13, 37.23, any from chapter 38.
Create two questions from each section and write them down.