1. SE Asia and Indian Ocean 1500-1750
Chapter 19th
Mr Pack

2. Chapter 19 Gunpowder Empires “ Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires”
Common traits:
Islamic
Spoke Turkic languages
From nomadic turkic backgrounds
Found power in void leftover from broken Mongol khanates
Armies had artillery and cannons (gunpowder)

3. Chapter 19th
Tamerlane- conquest from Samarakand into Persia (Iran) and India, protected silk road
Shi’ite Islam- descendants of Ali true rulers, heirs are called imams, 12th descendant disappear (hidden imam)
The Ottoman Empire- (1300s-1918) founded by Osman Dynasty.
Mehmed II- “The Conquerer”- conquers Constantinople in 1453 (end of Byzantine Empire).

4. Chapt 19 Constantinople changed to Istanbul
- Nexus of trade, Bospourus Strait, Tokapi Palace. Extends lands, improves navy to attack Italy (Venice pays annual tax to avoid invasion)
Staff military and government by system of devshirme. Christian boys subjects of Empire forced to convert to Islam and taught skills (politics, and military).
Janissaries- elite force troops

5. Chapt 19
Suleiman I (ruled )- during peak of Empire, expanded into Europe, N. Africa (Tripoli) reformed legal system (nicknamed “the lawgiver”)nearly conquered Holy Roman Empire (Siege of Vienna) retreated because of winter
Economy- gold and slaves from N. African coast, silk and spices, tiles, pottery and rugs
Taxed peasants- much corruption from tax collectors, burden of taxes leads to decline

7. Suleiman the Magnificent

8. Chapt 19
Trade agreements with France- toleration of Christians and Jewish merchants (paid tax)
New crops sold for profit- tobacco, cotton, coffee
Social class- warrior aristocracy, competes with ulama for positions of power
Viziers- strong advisors who influence sultans

9. Famous Vizier Jafar

10. Chapter 19
Wives and concubines reside in Harem- compete for their children to become heir to throne
Barbary Pirates- captures European slaves, ransomed or sold to high ranking officials or “impressed” into navy service (estimated 1 million)
Decline- Spain/Venetians defeat Ottoman at naval Battle of Lepanto (1571). Weak sultans decline empire “Sick Man of Europe”

11. Chapt 19 Continuity- Arts, culture, economy
Changes- Constantinople became Istanbul, majority of city population began practicing Islam instead of Christianity. Emperor replaced by sultan, Shariah Law replaces Code of Justinian

12. Chapt 19
Safavid Empire- located on Arabian sea (but had no Navy, lacked natural defenses)
Shah Ismail- conquered most of Persia by 1501 even though only 14 or 15 years old, embraced Shia Islam (Not Sunni)
Shah Abbas I- Greatest ruler (height of Empire ) imported European weaponry, forced conscription (military service)

13. Shah Abbas I (the Great)

14. Chapt 19
Ishafan made new capital, beautified city with parks, mosques, schools
Captured control of the Strait of Hormuz in 1622 (strenghtens trade)
Sunni rebellion (modern day Afghanistan) Afghan proclaims leader Mamud as new “Shah of Persia” leads to less tax collection and chaos allowing Ottoman and Russian Empires to seize territories leading to decline of Empire

15. Safavid Empire

16. Chapt 19
Mughals- Babur (descendent of Tamerlane) founds dynasty in 1520’s
Akbar (rules ) Extends empire, capital Delhi establishes efficient government and fair laws.
Zamindars- paid government officials in charge of certain duties (construction, taxation, etc.)

17. Chapt 19
Eventually Zamindars given land instead of payment- permitted to keep portion of tax collected leads to corruption. Zamindars than build personal armies with money.
Akbar tolerant of religions- land grants to religions (including Sikhism founded by Nanuk the guru)
Married Hindu wives to keep peace between Hindu and Islam, gave Hindus positions in government- no poll tax for Hindus tried to outlaw child marriage and practice of sati (widows jumping in fire with dead husband)
Created new“divine faith”- but few converted

18. Akbar, Mughal

19. Chapt 19 Shah Jahan (1627-1658) built Taj Mahal
Son Aurangzeb ( ) inherits corrupt Empire, expands empire but empties treasury. Peasant revolts when he tries to end Hindu influence in Empire (example music banned)
Decline of gunpowder empires- weak corrupt leadership, pressure from British trading companies, harem politics, lag behind in military/navy technology, and religious differences

20. Taj Mahal