1. Unit 8: Protein Synthesis
6A: Identify components of DNA, identify how information for specifying the traits of an organism is carried in the DNA, and examine scientific explanations for the origin of DNA.
I will identify that DNA is carried in chromosomes
6B: recognize that components that make up the genetic code are common to all organisms
Given a template strand of DNA, I will complete the amino acid sequence.

2. Revisit prior knowledge
What is the monomer for DNA?
What are the three parts that make a nucleotide?
What are the four nitrogen bases?
Write the complementary base pairs to this DNA sequence
CTG ACA TCG

3. Revisit prior knowledge
What is the monomer for DNA?
NUCLEOTIDE
What are the three parts that make a nucleotide?
Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogen Base
What are the four nitrogen bases?
A, T, C, G
Write the complementary base pairs to this DNA sequence
CTG ACA TCG
GAC TGT AGC

4. Let’s Focus on Nitrogen Bases
The SEQUENCE of the nitrogen bases is responsible for the coding of specific traits
The SEQUENCE of the bases codes for traits by Coding for specific PROTEINS
DNA provides instructions for proteins via its specific sequence of nitrogen bases

5. Main Idea DNA codes for RNA, which guides protein synthesis
From Genes to Genetic expression
(The central dogma of molecular biology)
DNA RNA amino acid protein genetic
expression
Remember – the monomer of protein is amino acids

6. Roles of RNA and DNA
DNA is the MASTER PLAN RNA is the BLUEPRINT of the Master Plan

7. DNA vs RNA Sugar- Deoxyribose Double stranded
Nitrogen Bases: Adenine, Thymine, Gaunine, Cytosine
Difference: Thymine
G, C, A, T
Sugar Ribose
Single Stranded
Nitrogen Bases: Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine
Difference: Uracil
G, C, A, U

8. Think / Pair /Share Discuss the differences between DNA and RNA.
Be ready to share out.

9. Amoeba Sisters: DNA v RNA
Answer the questions in your notes as you watch the video.

10. I am single stranded _____DNA________________
I am found only in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells (except during mitosis when the nuclear membrane is dissolved) ____DNA
I am a nucleic acid Both
I am arranged as a double helix or “twisted ladder” DNA
I have the sugar ribose RNA
I have the sugar deoxyribose DNA
I include the bases guanine cytosine and adenine Both
I travel out of the nucleus to a ribosome RNA
I have the base uracil RNA

11. RNA and Protein Synthesis
DNA is a very large molecule.
DNA cannot get out of the nucleus!
But…DNA codes for everything, so we need a messenger to take the information out of the nucleus!

12. RNA & Protein Synthesis
DNA remains in the nucleus. To get DNA’s instructions translated into proteins, it must send its message to the ribosomes (in the cytoplasm) where proteins are made.
There are 3 types of RNA involved in this process:
mRNA: Messenger RNA
tRNA: Transfer RNA
rRNA: Ribosomal RNA

13. (mRNA) Messenger RNA – carries a copy of genetic information out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. (tRNA) Transfer RNA – carries specific amino acids to the ribosomes (rRNA) Ribosomal RNA – molecular component of a ribosome (the site of protein synthesis)

14. Transcription + Translation
6C: explain the purpose and process of transcription and translation using models of DNA and RNA
I will explain the purpose and process of transcription and translation using models

15. Moving the information from DNA to Proteins

16. Two Main Steps in Protein Synthesis
1. Transcription:
Location: nucleus
mRNA makes a copy of the DNA strand.
mRNA takes the genetic message out of the nucleus.

17. Transcription

18. Think / Pair /Share
Discuss the main things that happen during Transcription.
Be ready to share out.

19. 2. Translation: In RNA Location: Cytoplasm /Ribosomes
tRNA carries amino acids to the mRNA at the site of a ribosome (rRNA)
In RNA
Adenine pairs with Uracil (A-U)
Guanine pairs with Cytosine (G-C)

20. Translation

21. Think / Pair /Share
Discuss the main things that happen during Translation.
Be ready to share out.

22. In Cytoplasm on Ribsomes
Cell
Nucleus
Protein Synthesis
DNA
mRNA
Replication
transcription
translation
In Cytoplasm on Ribsomes

23. RNA
Once a strand of RNA copies the genetic information from DNA, it leaves the nucleus. Each strand of RNA is many nucleotides long.
Codon – three nitrogen bases in a row on mRNA.
Anti-Codon – three nitrogen bases in a row on tRNA

24. mRNA Codes for Proteins in Triplets
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
DNA
Ribosome
Codon
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
mRNA
MetArgValAsnAlaCysAla
Protein
Block of 3 mRNA bases = Codon

25. How does mRNA code for proteins?
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
DNA
Ribosome
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
mRNA ?
MetArgValAsnAlaCysAla
Protein aa
Each codon matches with an anti-codon carrying an amino acid. These amino acids form chains of protein!

26. Circle a Codon and put a square around an Anti-Codon
Explain the 2 steps in protein synthesis: transcription and translation (codon vs anti-codon)
Circle a Codon and put a square around an Anti-Codon
What biomolecule does the growing amino acid chain make? _____________

27. What process is shown in X?
What process is shown in Y?
What process is shown in Z?
Left in for more detail

28. Try Transcribing DNA into RNA
DNA Template Strand: ATG – GAC – TTG Messenger RNA Strand: Remember – RNA has Uracil instead of Thymine. C-G A-U HINT – anytime you would have written a “T,” write a “U” instead!

29. How are the Codons Matched to Amino Acids?
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
DNA
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
mRNA
Codon
UAC
Met
GCA
Arg
tRNA
CAU
Val
Anti-codon
Amino Acid
Anti-codon = block of 3 tRNA bases

30. mRNA to protein = Translation
The working instructions  mRNA
The reader  ribosome
The transporter  transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosome
mRNA U C A G aa
tRNA G U aa
tRNA U A C aa
tRNA G A C
tRNA aa A G U

31. How do you know which amino acid is coded for? Use a codon chart!
Teacher Directed
DNA  CCT CTT TAC ACA CGG AGG GTA CGC TAT
mRNA
protein

32. Transcription
Translation
Protein

33. Protein Synthesis Amoeba Sisters Protein Synthesis
Answer the following questions…(next slide) OR do the back of the worksheet from yesterday.

34. Video Questions 1. DNA codes for traits (Proteins)
2. What does Protein Synthesis make? Proteins
3. Yes or No: Is all the DNA turned on all the time?
4. DNA is located in the Nucleus
5. What are the 2 step in Protein Synthesis?
Transcription
Translation
6. How many letters are read at a time? 3

35. Remember we use the Codon Chart only for mRNA
Teacher Directed
DNA  CCT CTT TAC ACA CGG AGG GTA CGC TAT TCT ATG ATT ACA CGG TTG CGA TCC ATA ATC
mRNA
protein

36. Protein Synthesis
Teacher Directed for the first one the student directed
Mark through the tRNA. Only use mRNA for the correct Amino Acid

37. Protein Synthesis Worksheet:
Student directed worksheet

38. Unit 8: Protein Synthesis
6B: recognize that components that make up the genetic code are common to all organisms

39. The genetic code is universal
ALL LIVING THINGS HAVE DNA as their genetic material
ALL LIVING THINGS HAVE THE SAME GENETIC CODE

40. Genetic Engineering
All living organisms have DNA, so scientists can add human DNA (or any other type of DNA) to bacterial DNA
DNA codes for proteins, so scientists use the bacteria to quickly make human (or other organisms) proteins
They can isolate those proteins and use them to make medicines or improve plants, etc

41. Gene regulation
6D: recognize that gene expression is a regulated process
I will recognize that gene expression is a regulated process

42. Gene regulation
DNA->RNA->amino acid->protein-> genetic expression
The process above is regulated!

43. Gene regulation
You have tens of thousands of genes in your genome. Does that mean your cells express all of those genes, all the time?
Even an organism as simple as a bacterium must carefully regulate gene expression, ensuring that the right genes are expressed at the right time.

44. Gene regulation
Genes can't control an organism on their own; they must interact with and respond to the organism's environment.
Some genes are always "on," regardless of environmental conditions. They control the ability of DNA to replicate, express itself, and repair itself. These genes also control protein synthesis.

45. Mutations
6E: Identify and illustrate change in the DNA and the significance of these changes
I will describe and model point mutations
I will describe and model chromosomal mutations
I will describe how mutations in the DNA sequence may or may not affect the amino acid in the protein
Given a scenario, I will identify whether a change in DNA sequence will affect the amino acid sequence in a protein

46. Mutation Video

47. Mutations: Mutation can be harmful, helpful or neutral in their effect
Mutations: Mutation can be harmful, helpful or neutral in their effect. Mutations create genetic variation

48. Syndactyly and dicephalia

49. White tigers are not a separate subspecies
White tigers are not a separate subspecies. They’re not Royal White Tigers. They’re not Snow Tigers. They’re not albinos. They’re simply tigers that are born with white fur. White fur is a very rare genetic mutation. It occurs in the wild possibly in as few as 1 in 10,000 wild tiger births.

50. Albinism
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV), also known as treeman syndrome.

51. Mutations are ANY changes in the genetic material
Mutations are ANY changes in the genetic material. A mutation that occurs in the gametes will most likely be transferred to the offspring

52. Types of Gene Mutations
Include:
Point Mutations: Change of a single nucleotide. There’s two types:
1. Substitution: Change in the nucleotide
2. Frameshift: insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide

53. Gene Mutations: Substitution
Gene mutations result from changes in a single gene.
A change in one base; aka point mutation.
In substitution, one base replaces another.
Substitution

54. Gene Mutations: (Frameshift) Insertion or Deletion
In an insertion, an extra base is inserted into the base sequence.
The loss of a single letter shows the effect of a deletion.
Deletion
Insertion
Shifts right or left in reading frame = Frameshift mutation

55. Example of Associated Disease
Mutation Type
Analogy Sentence
Example of Associated Disease
Normal
THE BIG FAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT
Missense
(substitution)
THE BIZ FAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT
Achondroplasia: improper development of cartilage on the ends of bones of arms and legs resulting in a form of dwarfism
Nonsense
THE BIG RAT
Muscular Dystrophy: progressive muscle disorder characterized by the progressive weakening of many muscles in the body
Deletion
(causing frameshift)
THB IGF ATC ATA TET HEW ETR AT
Cystic fibrosis: characterized by abnormally thick mucus in the lungs, intestines, and pancreas
Insertion
THE BIG ZFA TCA TAT ETH EWE TRA
Crohn’s disease: chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract, producing frequent diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, fever, and weight loss
Duplication
THE BIG FAT FAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (type 1A): damage to peripheral nerves leading to weakness and atrophy of muscles in hands and lower legs.
Expanding mutation
(tandem repeats)
Generation 1
Generation 2
Generation 3
THE BIG FAT CAT CAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT
THE BIG FAT CAT CAT CAT CAT CAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT
Huntington’s disease: a progressive disease in which brain cells waste away, producing uncontrolled movements, emotional disturbances, and mental deterioration

56. Chromosome Mutations Deletion: removes a chromosome segment
Five types exist:
Deletion: removes a chromosome segment
Inversion: reverses a segment within a chromosome
Translocation: moves a segment from one chromosome to another, non-homologous one
Duplication: repeats a segment
Non-disjunction: chromosomes fails to separate properly during meiosis

57. Chromosome mutations create genetic variation

58. Lets review! Use your notes.
What are the two types of point mutations?
What happens in a frameshift mutation?
Are mutations always bad? Why?
Name the five types of chromosomal mutations.
If a DNA sequence has a mutation, what will happen for the rest of protein synthesis?
What is the monomer of a protein called?

59. Mutation Worksheet
Work the first 2 with students.