1. NEW MONARCHIES OBJECTIVES:
Using examples from at least two different states, analyze the key features of the “new monarchies” and the factors responsible for their rise in the period

2. NEW MONARCHIES I. CHARACTERISTICS II. COUNTRIES
A. Offer institution of monarchy as a guarantee of law and order
B. Proclaim hereditary monarchy legitimate form of power = all accept without resistance
C. Enlist support of middle class in towns = tired of local power of feudal nobles
D. Have to organize monarchies & finances into reliable order
E. Break down mass of feudal, inherited, customary, or “common” law which rights of feudal classes were entrenched
F. Kings MAKE law, enact by own authority, regardless of previous custom or system = What pleases the prince has the force of law
G. RELIGIOUS CONTROL—POWER TILTS IN FAVOR OF THE MONARCH
II. COUNTRIES
England: stability under the Tudors
France: consolidation of power
Spain: unification by marriage
HR Empire: different model—the cost of centralization

3. NEW MONARCHIES III. ENGLAND--TUDORS A. Challenges
Yrs. War to War of Roses—Faction of Nobles
2. Tudor Family “won” & rebuilt the power of the state

4. NEW MONARCHIES III. ENGLAND--TUDORS B. Response C. Result
1. Henry VI & Henry VIII tamed nobles = reduce Dukes 9 to 2
2. Star Chamber—royal system of courts
3. Ended private armies of nobles
4. First state navy built
5. Henry VIII took control of Catholic Church & confiscated its lands
C. Result
1. Tudors established basis of English political and commercial power
2. Henry VIII obsession with producing royal heir showed weakness of royal rule & created difficult religious issue

5. NEW MONARCHIES IV. FRANCE—VALOIS DYNASTY A. Challenges
1. Experienced warfare for over 100 yrs.
Burgundy sought replace French leadership on the continent

6. NEW MONARCHIES IV. FRANCE—VALOIS DYNASTY B. Response C. Results
1. Louis XI, “Spider” ( ) added to territory to royal domain—marriages and conquering
Francis I ( ) Renaissance King gained control of clergy—agreement w/ Pope—Concordat of Bologna
Taxation = gabelle (salt tax) and taille (head/direct tax)
Added Italian territory
C. Results
1. France extended territory, laid foundation for taxes, created largest army in Europe
Continued to have Hapsburg competition for territory and power

7. The Madonna of the Monarchs
NEW MONARCHIES
V. SPAIN—FERDINAND & ISABELLA
A. Challenges
1. Spain didn’t exist until marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella in 1469
2. Needed to complete RECONQUISTA of Moors and Jews in Spain
3. Establish national identity
B. Response
1. Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon marriage didn’t create unified nation
2. Made alliances with towns to estab law & order
Completed Reconquista
Spanish Inquisition, expelled Jews 1492
Sponsored voyages of exploration
Spanish Monarch— Charles I (Charles V in HRE) inherited diverse lands—became most powerful monarch in Europe
The Madonna of the Monarchs

8. NEW MONARCHIES V. SPAIN—FERDINAND & ISABELLA C. Results
1. Spain emerged as strongest nation in Europe
2. Access to the New World and Charles inheritance of numerous lands established Spain’s Golden Age
Heavy taxes, persecution of minorities sapped some of its strength, & would over-extend

9. NEW MONARCHIES

10. NEW MONARCHIES
Empire of Charles V

11. NEW MONARCHIES
Habsburg Lands Under Philip II

12. NEW MONARCHIES Growth of the Ottoman Empire Battle of Lepanto (1571)
Defeat to Spanish Navy marks end of advancement for Ottomans

13. NEW MONARCHIES VI. RUSSIA (Muscovy) A. Challenges
1. Barely resembled Russia of today
2. Threatened by powerful neighbors like Mongols and Poland

14. NEW MONARCHIES VI. RUSSIA C. Results 1. Emerges as great power
B. Response
1. Ivan III, the “Great” ( )
2. Drove out the Mongols, claimed Moscow as the “Third Rome
3. Created the “streltsy” a military service class
4. Ivan IV, the “Terrible” ( )--Tsar
5. Nicknamed for hatred of boyars (nobles)
6. Continued Russian expansion
C. Results
1. Emerges as great power
2. Continued to face issues of cultural and technological backwardness
Ivan IV killed his heir in a fit of rage and plunged Russia into civil chaos and foreign invasion for 30 years