1. Welcome To study the principle and application of important instrument used in the microbiology laboratory.

2. In biology, an incubator is a device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures. Theincubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity and other conditions such as the carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen content of the atmosphere inside.
A laboratory incubator is a heated, insulated box used to grow and maintain microbiological or cell cultures. The incubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity and gaseous content of the atmosphere inside.

5. This is an autoclave that is used in a medical facility
This is an autoclave that is used in a medical facility. Theautoclave carries out that exact function of sterilizing materials. It is a machine that uses pressure and steam to reach and maintain a temperature that is too high for any microorganisms or their spores to live.
It can sterilize solids, liquids, hollows, and instruments of various shapes and sizes.Autoclaves vary in size, shape and functionality. A very basic autoclave is similar to a pressure cooker; both use the power of steam to kill bacteria, spores and germs resistant to boiling water and powerful detergents.
Under these conditions, steam at a pressure about 15 psi; attaining temperature (121oC) will kill all organisms and their endospores in about 15 minutes. Principle of Autoclaving: A basic principle of chemistry is that when the pressure of a gas increases, the temperature of the gas increase proportionally.

8. BOD incubator is the most versatile and reliable low temperature incubator which is designed to maintain at 20°C, necessary for Biological Oxygen Demand/Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) determination. BOD incubatorsprovide controlled temperature conditions for accelerated tests and exposures.
BOD Incubator (Bio-Oxygen Demand) are used to maintain temperature for test tissue culture growth, storage of bacterial cultures and incubation where high degree of constant temperature accuracy is required. Thermolab BOD Incubators provide with accurate conditions and uniformity throughout the chamber.

9. Why Incubator is called BOD incubator?
In microbiology, there are two types of incubator used for incubation purpose.
1. Bacteriological incubator
2. BOD incubator
Bacteriological incubator is used for the growth of bacteria and BOD incubator is used for the growth of fungus (yeast & molds) . So question comes in mind that why fungal incubator is called BOD incubator? 
As we know full form of BOD is biological oxygen demand but the question is that what is the role of biological oxygen demand in incubator. Incubators only provide required temperature for the growth of microorganisms. So there is no relation of BOD with the incubator but instead of this it is called BOD incubator. The reason is that when we perform biological oxygen demand (BOD) testing it requires low temperature like degree celsius and that BOD testing we perform in this incubator that's why it is called BOD incubator.

11. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD, also called Biological Oxygen Demand) is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed (i.e. demanded) by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period. The BOD value is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per litre of sample during 5 days of incubation at 20 °C and is often used as a surrogate of the degree of organic pollution of water B

12. OD can be used as a gauge of the effectiveness of wastewater treatment plants. It is listed as a conventional pollutant in the U.S. Clean Water Act
BOD is similar in function to chemical oxygen demand (COD), in that both measure the amount of organic compounds in water. However, COD is less specific, since it measures everything that can be chemically oxidized, rather than just of biodegradable organic matter.

13. Hot air ovens are electrical devices which use dry heat to sterilize
Hot air ovens are electrical devices which use dry heat to sterilize. They were originally developed by Pasteur. Generally, they can be operated from 50 to 300 °C, using a thermostat to control the temperature.

14. Hot air ovens are electrical devices which use dry heat to sterilize
Hot air ovens are electrical devices which use dry heat to sterilize. They were originally developed by Pasteur. Generally, they can be operated from 50 to 300 °C, using a thermostat to control the temperature.
When sterilizing glassware such as bottles, petri dishes and test tubes, dry heat is required and this is carried out in a hot air oven. The ideal temperature of the oven needs to reach is at least 160°C and the contents need to be regulated at this heat for 45 to 60 minutes.

16. A light microscope uses focused light and lenses to magnify a specimen, usually a cell. ... Simple light microscopes use a single lens to magnify an object and cannot reach high magnification. Compound light microscopes use two sets of lenses - an objective lens and an eyepiece - to produce images.

19. Working Principle:
The most commonly used microscope for general purposes is the standard compound microscope. It magnifies the size of the object by a complex system of lens arrangement.
It has a series of two lenses; (i) the objective lens close to the object to be observed and (ii) the ocular lens or eyepiece, through which the image is viewed by eye. Light from a light source (mirror or electric lamp) passes through a thin transparent object 
The objective lens produces a magnified ‘real image’ first image) of the object. This image is again magnified by the ocular lens (eyepiece) to obtain a magnified ‘virtual image’ (final image), which can be seen by eye through the eyepiece. As light passes directly from the source to the eye through the two lenses, the field of vision is brightly illuminated. That is why; it is a bright-field microscope.

21. A pH meter provides a value as to how acidic or alkaline a liquid is
A pH meter provides a value as to how acidic or alkaline a liquid is. The basic principle of the pH meter is to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions. Acids dissolve in water forming positively charged hydrogen ions (H+). The greater this concentration of hydrogen ions, the stronger the acid.

24. Thank You
Amar Chandra Das Ghosh