1. Take 5 1/26/12 Biologists use ___________ to create a cladogram.
Prokaryotes that live in moist habitats that can live almost everywhere are ____________.
How does penicillin kill bacteria?
Derived traits
Eubacteria
It causes holes to develop in the bacteria cell walls, water enters and bursts the bacteria cells.

2. Take 5: 1/24/12
What is the difference between the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle?
Which of the 2 cycles will stay with the host for the duration of the host’s life?
Is a virus prokryotic or eukaryotic?
Lytic = Host cell uses viral DNA to produce new viruses from 1 cell
Lysogenic = Viral DNA is inserted into host cell’s DNA making a provirus
Lysogenic
Neither!!! A virus is not considered a living thing

3. Take 5: 1/30/12 Endospore The two-name naming system Prokayotes
A tiny structure that contains a bacterium’s DNA, and encased by a tougher outer covering that resists extreme temperatures and harsh environments is called a(n) _____________.
Carols Linneas is known for ______________.
Organisms in Kingdom Archaebacteria and Kingdom Eubacteria are similar in that they all are _______________________
Endospore
The two-name naming system
Prokayotes

4. Archaebacteria & Eubacteria

5. Prokaryotes Unicellular
Do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

6. Prokaryotes 2 kingdoms Biochemical differences between 2 kingdoms
Ex: cell walls and lipids in cell membrane differ
Structure of archaebacteria is more similar to eukaryotes than eubacteria

7. 1. Archaebacteria: “extremists”
Mainly live in oxygen-free environments
Some live in marshes, lake sediment, digestive tract of cows, & sewage disposal plants
Another type lives in UT’s Great Salt Lake
Another one lives in hot, acidic water of sulfur springs and near hydrothermal vents

8. oxygen-free
environments

9. 2a) Eubacteria: heterotrophs
Live almost everywhere
Use organic molecules for food
Some are parasites
Some are saprophytes (feed on dead organisms or organic waste)

10. 2b) Eubacteria: Photosynthetic autotrophs
Live with a lot of sunlight, make their food
Ex: cyanobacteria
Live in ponds, streams, & moist areas of land

11. 2c) Eubacteria: Chemosynthetic autotrophs
Make their food
Don’t use sunlight
Breakdown & release energy form inorganic compounds containing nitrogen and sulfur in a process called “chemosynthesis”

12. Very small cell It’s Prokaryotic! (write this down)
What is a bacterium?
Very small cell
It’s Prokaryotic! (write this down)

13. The structure of bacteria
Write this down:
Cell wall-support
Pilus-conjugation (reproduction)
Capsule- protection
Plasmid-genes
Flagellum- movement
Sir Alexander Fleming, 1928, discovered penicillin (by mistake!), antibiotic (kills bacteria) interferes with ability to make cell walls. They rupture and die. (This bacteria is often lives in hypotonic environments)-

14. Identifying bacteria + - Anthrax Gram Staining Technique
Depends on composition of cell wall
Purple or pink
Gram + affected by different antibiotics from Gram –
Pink = (-) Know!!!!!
Purple = (+) Know!!!!! + -
Anthrax

15. Identifying bacteria 3 common shapes Spheres or round (cocci)
Rods (bacilli)
Spirals (spirilla)
pronounced
“Cox – sigh”

16. Reproduction by binary fission (Asexual Reproduction)
Bacteria cannot reproduce via mitosis or meiosis
They reproduce asexually via binary fission
Bacterium copies its chromosome
Chromosomes separate and attach to cell membrane
Cell elongates
Partition forms and new cell wall/cell membrane form

17. Genetically identical!
Can occur every 20 min
Genetically identical!

18. Sexual reproduction Bacterial sex aka conjugation
One bacterium transfers all or part of its chromosome to another cell through a bridge-like structure pilus (plural pili) that connects 2 cells
This results in genetic variation!
Then they can undergo binary fission to duplicate itself.

19. Diversity of metabolism in Bacteria (skip)
Recall:
Breaking down food to release its energy = cellular respiration
Obligate aerobes = bacteria that require oxygen for respiration
Obligate anaerobes = bacteria that are killed by oxygen
Facultative anaerobes = can survive (switch) if conditions change

20. A bacteria’s second chance
Some bacteria produce endospores (when faced with unfavorable environmental conditions)
Endospore: tiny structure that contains a bacterium’s DNA and a small amount of its cytoplasm, encased by a tougher outer covering that resists drying out, temperature extremes, and harsh chemicals (resting state) (know!!)
When conditions improve, the endospore germinates and begins to grow and reproduce

21. Endospore

22. Endospores Can survive 100°C  Use a pressure cooker and sterilize it
Canned food must be sterilized and acified
If endospores get into improperly sterilized canned food, they grow and produce a toxin, can cause botulism, often fatal disease (Clostridium botulinum)
Symptoms:
skeletal muscle paralysis that may cause sudden respiratory arrest and death if untreated

23. Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis, lives in soil, causes anthrax, mostly infects cattle and sheep, and can affect humans
Bacterial spores = airborne, can germinate in lungs and cause infection
Produces toxins in lungs that damages lung tissue and circulatory system

24. Importance of Bacteria
Help fertilize fields
Recycle nutrients
Produce food and medicines
Bacteria break down organic wastes, returning nutrients

25. Nitrogen fixation
Bacteria turns nitrogen gas into ammonia (aka nitrogen fixation)
Other bacteria convert ammonia to nitrite and nitrate for plants to use
Some live symbiotically within roots of trees and legumes (peas, peanuts, soybean)
Help to replenish nitrogen in the soil

26. Food and medicine
Swiss cheese, crispy pickles, tangy yoghurt  thank bacteria!
Provide distinct flavors and aromas
Make vinegar, cheeses, sauerkraut
Bacteria inhabit your intestines and produce vitamins and enzymes to help digest food
Some produce antibiotics to destroy other types of bacteria

27. Bacteria cause disease
Causes disease in plants and animals
Crop loss and loss of livestock
Causes disease in humans
Carried in air, food, water, through skin wounds
Ex: tuberculosis, pneumonia

28. Threat of Tuberculosis

29. The end