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Immunology
KNH 413

2. Immunity Body’s ability to recognize material as foreign and to
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Immunity
Body’s ability to recognize material as foreign and to
neutralize, eliminate, and/or metabolize it
Symptoms from an infectious disease

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4. Antigens and Immunogens
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Antigens and Immunogens
Antigen characteristics
Proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids
Of sufficient size
Structural stability
Degradable
Complex
Foreign to the organism (immunogenic) 4

5. Immune System Functions: 4 basic requirements: Recognizes then reacts
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Immune System
Functions:
Defense
Homeostasis
Surveillance
4 basic requirements:
Specificity
Diversity
Adaptivity
Ability to respond to new stimuli
Recognizes then reacts
Defense via cells, tries to create homeostasis, then sections off the concern via surveillance
In order for body to rid itself of the concern, there are 4 basic requirements.
Recognize infection, eliminate infecton, Regulate or control, and keep a memory so that if it ever comes up again 5

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© 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

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© 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

10. Cells of the Immune System
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Cells of the Immune System
Other cells
Mast cells
Mucosal surfaces
Dendritic cells
Lymph nodes
Langerhans cells
Skin 10

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Antigen Recognition
Antibodies – assist in destruction or neutralization of the antigen
Immunoglobulins (Ig)
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgE 13

14. Immune Response Modes of Attack Phagocytosis
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Immune Response
Modes of Attack
Phagocytosis
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Antibodies
Inflammation
Phagocytsosis Ingestion
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Antibodies Immunoglobulins
Inflammations Vascular tissues, inflamed environment to try to rid itself 14

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© 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

16. Altered and Foreign cells
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Altered and Foreign cells
Transplant Rejection
Host versus graft (HVG)
First set rejection – days
Second set rejection – months to years
Graft versus host (GVH)
Matching of MHC antigens is critical
Immunosuppression required
Unique challenges based on organ

17. Immunodeficiency Most caused by malnutrition or genetics
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Immunodeficiency
Most caused by malnutrition or genetics
Malnutrition – d/t lack of access and dietary choice
Affects through the life span
Critical nutrients
Vitamins A, C, B6, E, essential fatty acids, beta-carotene, manganese, selenium, zinc, copper, iron, sulfur, manganese, germanium

18. Immunodeficiency Most caused by malnutrition or genetics
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Immunodeficiency
Most caused by malnutrition or genetics
Congenital/inherited
Males more likely - X recessive
X-linked agammaglobulinemia
IgA deficiency most common
DiGeorge syndrome
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Bare lymphocyte syndrome
SCIDs – “bubble boy”

19. Immunodeficiency Acquired Immunodeficiencies From cancer treatment HIV
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Immunodeficiency
Acquired Immunodeficiencies
From cancer treatment
HIV
From burns
From IBD

20. Immune System Attack Type I / IgE Food allergies - 1-2% of adults
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Immune System Attack
Type I / IgE
Food allergies - 1-2% of adults
Many confuse allergy with intolerance
Allergy – immune response
Histamines in cheese, wine, some fish may cause intolerances
Lactose intolerance is most common
Also yellow dye no. 5, MSG, sulfites

21. Immune System Attack Common food allergens Peanuts, tree nuts
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Immune System Attack
Common food allergens
Peanuts, tree nuts
Shellfish
Fish
Food additives
Milk
Soy
Egg
Wheat

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Immune System Attack
Asthma – chronic airway inflammation and excessive airway sensitivity to various triggers
Genetic, environmental, lifestyle
Symptoms may be intermittent, although constant inflammation present
Wheezing, cough, chest tightness, difficulty breathing, sputum production

23. Autoimmunity Adaptive response against self
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Autoimmunity
Adaptive response against self
5-7% of adults, older, female
Testosterone, estrogen
Pathogenic immune cells cross-react with human cells
Autoantibodies produce lesions

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