1. Chapter 4: Preventing Violence and Injury
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2. Learning Outcomes
Differentiate between intentional and unintentional injuries and discuss the prevalence of violence in American society and on college campuses.
Identify societal and personal factors that contribute to violence in American society.
Discuss the prevalence, types, and common causes of interpersonal and collective acts of violence, including homicide, hate crimes, gang violence, and terrorism; describe intimate partner violence and the cycle of IPV.
Describe types of and social contributors to sexual victimization, and discuss efforts to prevent and respond to sexual victimization. Articulate personal and community strategies for preventing violence.
Consider surveying the class to identify those who know or have been a victim of intentional violence and those who have been injured by unintentional acts. Perhaps as an extra credit assignment, consider having students find sources for date rape victims and/or classes to prevent date rape or intentional violence.
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3. Learning Outcomes
Describe precautions to take to minimize the risk and effect of unintentional injuries.
Articulate personal and community strategies for preventing violence.
Describe precautions to take to minimize the risk and and effect of unintentional injuries.
Consider surveying the class to identify those who know or have been a victim of intentional violence and those who have been injured by unintentional acts. Perhaps as an extra credit assignment, consider having students find sources for date rape victims and/or classes to prevent date rape or intentional violence.
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4. What Is Violence?
Violence is a set of behaviors that produces injuries, as well as the outcomes of these behaviors (the injuries themselves).
Intentional injuries include injury, death, or psychological harm caused by violence with the intent to harm.
Homicide and suicide are the second and third leading causes of death for 15- to 34- year-olds.
Unintentional injuries include injury, death, or psychological harm caused unintentionally, often as a result of circumstance.
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5. Violence in the United States
Unintentional injuries, particularly from motor vehicle crashes, are the number one cause of death among 15- to 44-year-olds in the United States today.
After steadily increasing from 1973 to 2006, the rates of overall crime have been decreasing recently, but the Bureau of Justice Statistics reported a significant increase in violence in 2012.
Violent crimes involve force or threat of force, and include murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.
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6. Changing Crime Rates
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7. Violence in the United States (cont.)
Two methods are used to record crime: The FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting Program and the Bureau of Justice Statistics' National Crime Victimization Survey.
Disparities in crime rates exist based on race, sex, age, socioeconomic status, geography, and other factors.
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8. Violence on U.S. Campuses
The most deadly mass shooting in U.S. history took place at Virginia Tech, killing 32 people.
Rapes, hate crimes, and other violations are reported on campuses across the country
Today, it would be hard to find a campus without a safety plan in place.
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9. Violence on U.S. Campuses (cont.)
A recent American College Health Survey found 10.5 percent of women and 6.3 percent of men reported being emotionally abused in the past 12 months.
About 6.5 percent of women and 2.8 percent of men report being stalked.
Fewer than 25 percent of campus crimes are reported.
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10. Crime Clock
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11. Factors Contributing to Violence
Poverty
Unemployment
Societal factors
Religious beliefs and differences
Political differences
Breakdowns in the criminal justice system
Stress, depression, or other mental health issues.
Use the What Do You Think? Box and ask students to evaluate this list to identify what they think contributes most to violence.
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12. What Makes Some Individuals Prone to Violence?
Personal factors can also increase risks for violence.
Anger
Primary aggression
Reactive aggression
Substance abuse
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13. How Much Impact Do the Media Have?
Although early studies supported a link between the violent media and subsequent violent behavior, recent work fails to support this association.
Today, young people are exposed to more violence through media than at any other time, yet rates of violent crime among youth have fallen to 40-year lows.
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14. Interpersonal and Collective Violence
Three major types of intentional injury: interpersonal violence, collective violence, and self-directed violence.
Homicide is the 15th leading cause of death overall, but the 2nd cause of death for people age 15–24.
More than half of all homicides occur among people who know one another.
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15. Homicide in the United States by Weapon Type, 2013
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16. Interpersonal and Collective Violence (cont.)
Hate and bias-motivated crimes
A hate crime is a crime committed against a person, property, or group of people that is motivated by the offender's bias against race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity.
Bias-motivated crimes describe violence based on prejudice and discrimination among ethnic groups in the larger society.
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17. Bias-Motivated Crimes, Single-Bias Incidence 2013
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18. Reasons for Hate and Bias Crimes
Common reasons given to explain these crimes include
Thrill seeking
Feeling threatened
Retaliation
Fearing the unknown
For some, hate crimes are a part of their mission in life owing to religious zeal or distorted moral beliefs.
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19. Gang Violence
Gangs account for nearly 50 percent of violent crime in the United States.
Gangs are linked to alien smuggling, human trafficking, prostitution, drug trafficking, sex trafficking, shootings, beatings, thefts, and carjacking.
Risk factors for gang membership include low self-esteem, academic problems, low socioeconomic status, alienation from family and society, family violence, and living in gang-controlled neighborhoods.
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20. Terrorism
Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.
Effects on the economy include costs of food and fuel, travel restrictions, additional security measures, and military buildups.
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21. Domestic Violence
Domestic violence is the use of force to control or maintain power over another person in the home environment, and involves both actual harm and the threat of harm.
Intimate partner violence (IPV) occurs between two people in an intimate relationship (current or former spouses, or dating partners).
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22. Domestic Violence (cont.)
Each year, millions of women and men are victims of rape, physical and psychological abuse, stalking, and other intimate partner offenses.
Homicide by a current or former intimate partner is the leading cause of death of pregnant women in the United States.
74 percent of all murder-suicides in the United States involve an intimate partner
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23. Domestic Violence (cont.)
The cycle of IPV consists of:
Tension building
Incident of acute battering
Remorse/reconciliation
No single reason explains abuse in relationships.
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24. Domestic Violence (cont.)
Child maltreatment: child abuse and neglect
Child maltreatment is defined as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child.
Child abuse refers to acts of commission or deliberate or intentional words or actions that cause harm, potential harm, or threat of harm to a child.
Neglect is an act of omission, meaning failure to provide for a child.
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25. Child Abuse and Neglect Victims, by Age, 2013
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26. Child Maltreatment
An estimated 3 million cases of child abuse were reported in 2014, covering the alleged maltreatment of approximately 6 million children.
The most common perpetrators are the child's biological parents.
Frequently, the perpetrator is in the midtwenties, without a high school diploma, living at or below the poverty level, depressed, socially isolated, with poor self-image, and with difficulty coping with stressful situations.
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27. Elder Abuse
By 2030, the number of people over age 65 will exceed 71 million, or double the number in 2000.
Many victims fail to report abuse due to embarrassment, because they don't want the abuser to get in trouble, or because they fear the abuser will retaliate by putting them in a nursing home.
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28. Sexual Victimization
Sexual victimization is any situation in which an individual is coerced or forced to comply with or endure another's sexual acts or overtures.
Both men and women are susceptible, and young people are even more so.
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29. Sexual Assault and Rape
Sexual assault is an act in which one person is sexually intimate with another person without that person's consent.
Rape is sexual penetration without the victim's consent.
Aggravated rape involves one or multiple attackers, strangers, weapons, or physical beating.
Simple rape is rape by one person, usually known to the victim, and does not involve physical beating or use of a weapon.
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30. Acquaintance Rape
Acquaintance rape is rape in which the rapist is known to the victim, even if only minimally.
This type of rape is particularly common on college campuses, where alcohol and drug use can impair young people's judgment and self-control.
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31. Rape on U.S. Campuses
20% of undergraduate women have been sexually assaulted during their undergraduate years.
Most rapes are committed by someone known to the victim and involve alcohol, Rohypnol, or GHB.
All universities must have educational programs about rape and available counseling for victims.
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32. Marital Rape
Marital rape can be any unwanted intercourse or penetration (vaginal, anal, or oral) obtained by force, threat of force, or when the spouse is unable to consent.
Many states still allow the exemption of marital rape prosecution.
Women under age 25 and from lower socioeconomic groups are at highest risk.
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33. Social Contributors to Sexual Violence
Trivialization
Blaming the victim
Pressure to be macho
Male socialization
Male misperceptions
Situational factors
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34. What to Do If Rape Occurs
Call
Do not bathe, shower, douche, clean up, or touch anything the attacker touched.
Save, and do not launder, the clothes you were wearing. Bring clean clothes to the clinic or hospital.
Contact the rape assistance hotline in your area.
If a friend is raped:
Believe her;
Recognize rape is a violent crime;
Encourage her to see a doctor;
Encourage her to report the crime;
Be understanding;
Recognize that this is an emotional recover and it may take time to bounce back;
Encourage her to seek counseling.
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35. Sexual Harassment
Sexual Harassment is defined as unwelcome sexual contact that is related to any condition of employment or evaluation of student performance.
Sexual harassment can affect both men and women.
Peers can harass one another, too.
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36. ABC News Video: Sexual Assaults on College Campuses: 95 Colleges Under Federal Investigation
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37. Stopping Sexual Harassment
If you feel you are being harassed, be assertive and do the following:
Tell the harasser to stop.
Document the harassment.
Try to make sure you are not alone with the harasser.
Complain to a higher authority.
Remember, you have done nothing wrong.
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38. Stalking
A course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person to feel fear.
May include repeated visual or physical proximity, nonconsensual written or verbal communication, implied or explicit threats.
Over 25 percent of victims report being stalked by the use of some form of technology.
Adults between 18 and 24 experience the highest rates of stalking.
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39. Child Sexual Abuse
Sexual abuse of children by adults or older children includes suggestive conversations; inappropriate kissing; touching; petting; oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse; and other kinds of sexual interaction.
Rates of abuse range from 3 to 32 percent, and girls are at higher risk than are boys.
About 90 percent of children know their abuser, and in 70 percent of cases the abuser is a family member, most often male.
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40. Preventing Violence Self-defense against personal assault and rape
Increase awareness
Develop self-defense skills
Take reasonable precautions
Have the necessary judgment to respond to different situations.
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41. Campus-Wide Responses to Violence
Prevention and early response efforts
Cell phone alerts, s, REVERSE 9-1-1
Changes in campus environment
Campus lighting, parking lot security, emergency call boxes, stepped-up security
Campus law enforcement
Coping in the event of campus violence
Community mourning, memorial services, preventing future problems
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42. Community Strategies for Preventing Violence
Develop policies and laws that prevent violence.
Develop skills-based educational programs
Begin early to help youth develop self-esteem and confidence.
Promote tolerance and acceptance.
Improve community services.
Improve community-based support.
Improve safety of recreation and athletic facilities.
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43. Unintentional Injuries
Motor vehicle crashes and cycling incidents cause numerous deaths and injuries every year.
In 2013, motor vehicle crashes caused nearly 33,000 deaths and 2.3 million serious injuries.
In 2012, 26 people died in cycling accidents, and 49,000 were injured.
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44. Vehicle Safety
Impaired driving is the single greatest risk for all drivers.
Distracted driving, either visual, manual, or cognitive, can lead to trouble.
Risk management driving reduces the chance of being involved in a collision.
Ask students to identify the 13 risk management techniques that can be used. See page 126/127in the textbook.
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45. Cycling Safety
In 2012, 28 percent of cyclists killed were legally drunk.
Most fatal collisions are caused by cyclists' errors.
To avoid accidents, avoid alcohol, wear reflective clothing, know hand signals, avoid phone use or listening to music.
Always wear a bike helmet.
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46. Water Safety
Drowning is the fifth leading cause of unintentional injury death among Americans of all ages.
Drowning risk factors:
Lack of swimming ability
Lack of barriers
Lack of skilled supervision
Temperature extremes
Hazardous conditions
Seizures
Excess alcohol
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47. Safety at Home
Injuries within the home typically occur in the form of poisonings, falls, or burns.
In 2012, the 57 poison control centers in the United States logged over 2.2 million calls for assistance.
Falls are the third most common cause of death from unintentional injury.
In 2011, more than 3,414 Americans died in a fire.
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