1. Improved Patient Outcomes Best Available Clinical Evidence Patient’s
Values &
Expectations
Individual
Clinical
Expertise

2. Hierarchy of Evidence
Strength of Evidence

3. 1
Ask
Questions 5
Evaluate 2
Search 4
Implement 3
Critically
Appraise

4. Cause Effect / Outcome Other Factor
Independent Variable
Effect / Outcome
Dependent Variable
Other Factor
Confounding Variable

5. Experimental Significance Practical Statistical Significance
“Are the effects observed due to the changing levels of the factors real or due to random change?”
Practical
Significance
“If a factor does have a statistically significant effect, then is the degree of effect practically useful given what we are trying to accomplish?”

6. Reliable
Not Valid
Low Validity
Low Reliability
Not Reliable
Not Valid
Reliable
Valid

7. Measures of Central Tendency
Mean, Median, Mode
Mode
Median
Mean
Measures of Central Tendency

8. Standard Deviation G = 68% G + B = 95% G + B + R = 99% 34% 34% 13.6%
2.15%
2.15%
Standard Deviation

9. Patients
Randomization
Conditions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10