1. Chapter 7 Study Guide

2. 1. Describe the events that led up to and the significance of the victory at Trenton.
A divided country: (who)
20-30% were loyalists ( on the side of the British)
40-45% were Patriots
25-40% were neutral (not sure)
Pacifists: people against war
African Americans were allowed to join the army in the north but not in the south. Enslaved African Americans were “lured” to join the British with their freedom.
Native Americans fought on both sides

3. The British in Boston (1775)
After L-C, the British retreated to Boston and were surrounded by colonists.
May 1775 colonists capture Fort Ticonderoga and take the cannons.
In June 1775 The Battle of Bunker Hill (battle happens at Breed’s Hill)takes place
“Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes.” wasn’t really said.
British win, but at great cost. High casualties. Colonies gain confidence.
The cannons from Fort T. arrive in Boston in Jan. 1776
The cannons scare the British, and the British leave in March & go to NYC

4. Continental Army (CA)
George Washington (GW) named commander of CA. (who)
GW’s main goal: keep revolution alive. Win occasionally but avoid being crushed. (How)
Enlistments were for 1 year.
Continental Congress (CC2): couldn’t supply the army (What Problems)

5. Battle of NY GW and CA were in New York City fall 1776 (Who & where)
British attacked. CA was out numbered (what, why)
British hired German soldiers known as Hessians (H) to fight CA.
CA retreat by boat at night out of NYC into Penn.
Late in the year, cold, army in bad condition, enlistments ending.

6. Trenton (T), New Jersey (NJ) (where)
GW needed something to keep the war going (who)
Christmas night (when) GW & CA crossed the ice covered Delaware River and attacked a large group of H’s at T and won. (what)
Later GW’s troops won at Princeton, NJ
Significance: *****Victories boosted the morale of the CA and boosted numbers of recruits. (Why)

7. 2. Why has the Battle of Saratoga considered a turning point of the Revolution?
British plan:
control New York (the colony) and cut off the New England colonies from the rest of the colonies.
3 British groups would attack from different directions Burgoyne from the north, St. Leger from the West, and Howe from the south and meet in Albany, NY. Plan didn’t work.
St. Leger was defeated by colonials and Howe instead went to Philadelphia

8. Saratoga (S), NY (where)
Gen. Burgoyne was left on his own
Burgoyne’s army was slowed by attacks and civilians. This meant they were running out of supplies.
British (B) and CA (who) meet in Sept of 1777 near S. B and CA battle for days, Benedict Arnold, American General, makes many attacks.
B win the battle but have to retreat to S. (what)
Surrounded and constantly bombarded Burgoyne surrenders.
Significance: prevented B from dividing the colonies, but more importantly it showed European countries, France & Spain, that Colonies might win independence and would send assistance: troops, ships, supplies. (why)

9. 3)Describe the role of France and Spain in the war.
France was still bitter over the French and Indian War
France became an official ally of the colonists after the Battles of Saratoga
They promised to send badly needed supplies such as funds and troops
They convinced their ally, Spain, to also help the colonists
By entering the war, they forced B to fight a number of enemies on land and sea.
The B now had to spread their military resources over many fronts. ( different areas).
Marquis De Lafayette was a 19 year old French aristocrat who came to aid Washington’s army

10. 4) Explain the hardships of Valley Forge(VF) (where) and how the American army transformed
After losing to (B) at Brandywine trying to keep the B from taking Philadelphia, GW & CA winter in VF. (why). Keeping a close eye on B in Phil.
Washington’s army (who) lacked supplies such as blanket, shoes, and food.
Over the hard winter, the soldiers grew weak from lack of food and warm clothing. (What)
About ¼ died from malnutrition, exposure, or diseases such as smallpox and typhoid fever.
Washington appealed to Congress for more supplies but they were slow to respond.

11. Transformed Army:
During the winter, “German officer” the Baron von Steuben (BVS)(who) helped transform the inexperienced soldiers into a skilled fighting force.
BVS taught (how) CA how to handle weapons and how to fight the formal battle of the B.
The American army emerged from Valley Forge a more efficient and stronger fighting machine. (why)

12. 5.Explain how Guerrilla warfare was used by the Continental army and the conditions that allowed it to be successful?
In the southern colonies, the countryside was filled with more rebels than Loyalists
Rebel guerrillas repeatedly attacked British messengers
Countryside was a dangerous place for the British army
Most Famous rebel guerrilla leader: Francis Marion – “The Swamp Fox”
Despite lacking equipment and supplies, Marion and his men were able to cut the British supply line that led inland from Charles Town

13. 6. Identify the individuals involved and the significance of the Battle of Yorktown.
Lord Cornwallis (LC) had marched his troops up from the south to Yorktown, VA.
GW and French General Rouchambeau trapped B by land.
The French navy blockaded LC and his troops by sea. B’s could not get supplies or escape.
Trapped and bombarded, LC surrendered on Oct
Significance: Battle of Yorktown was the last major battle of the war.

14. *The United States was declared independent
6.Treaty of Paris-1783
*The United States was declared independent
*The boundaries would be set at the Mississippi River to the west, Canada to the north, and Spanish Florida to the south
The United States was given permission to fish off of the Canadian coast
Each side would repay debts to each other
British would return any enslaved persons
Congress would recommend that the states return any property they had seized from Loyalists
Neither Britain nor the United States lived up to these terms.
U.S. never repaid debts or returned Loyalist property
Britain never returned runaway slaves