1. Let’s Review 1350-1400 – Renaissance begins in Florence, Italy
1492 – Columbus finds New World
1500s – Europeans explore Americas
1517 – Martin Luther starts Protestant Reformation with his “95 Theses”
1607 – England est. Jamestown colony in Virginia
1619 – First African slaves arrive in Virginia

2. Review cont. 1620 – Mayflower ship lands in Massachusetts (Pilgrims)
1653 – Carolina colony established
1732 – 13 English colonies
March, 1770 – Boston Massacre
Dec., 1773 – Boston Tea Party
April 18, 1775 – American Revolution begins at Lexington & Concord
July 4, 1776 – Dec. of Independence

3. Review cont. 1783 – American defeats British, Treaty of Paris ends war
1787 – US Constitution established
1789 – George Washington becomes first President of the United States

4. New Nation, New Lands During the colonial period, settlers moved west
Stopped by the Appalachian Mtns
However, “Pioneers” changed this…

5. Daniel Boone American frontiersman
1775, Followed Wilderness Trail thru Cumberland Gap into Kentucky
Over 200,000 pioneers followed this route and settled along Ohio River
video

6. Daniel Boone Trail, 1775

9. Louisiana Purchase, 1803
French territory from Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains
President Thomas Jefferson purchased for $15 million
video

11. Lewis & Clark 1804, led exploration of Louisiana Territory
Followed Missouri River, climbed Rocky Mountains, followed Columbia River to Pacific Ocean
Findings helped attract frontiersmen to the West (fur trade)
video

12. Sacagawea Native American woman Helped Lewis & Clark as a translator
Made journey with infant strapped to her back!

14. Manifest Destiny Abundant land Missions Gold Trade
Westward Expansion
Why?
Manifest Destiny
Abundant land
Missions
Gold
Trade

15. Manifest Destiny:
Belief that it was America’s God given right to expand west to the Pacific
This painting (circa 1872) by John Gast called American Progress is a representation of Manifest Destiny. Here Columbia, a personification of the United States, leads civilization westward with American settlers, stringing telegraph wire as she travels and carrying a school book. The different economic activities of the pioneers are highlighted and, especially, the changing forms of transportation. The Native Americans and wild animals flee.

16. Santa Fe Trail 1821, pioneered by William Becknell
Connected Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico
About 800 miles through Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico
Became major trade route
video

17. Oregon Trail 1811-1840, established by traders and fur trappers
Over 2000 miles, crosses Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Idaho and Oregon
Free land and missionary work led most people here
Traveled until 1884 (railroads)
video

18. Conestoga Wagon/Prairie Schooner
Travel by Conestoga Wagons or Prairie Schooners
supplies for one adult: 150lbs of flour, 20 cornmeal, 50 bacon, 40 sugar, 10 coffee, 15 dried fruit, 5 salt, 2 tea, 5 rice, 15 beans Guns for hunting fresh game and protection were also necessary.

19. “Fifty-four Forty or Fight”
1844 Presidential Election: Henry Clay vs. James K. Polk
Polk victory – Manifest Destiny!
Vowed to acquire Oregon Territory from Britain
Britain and the U.S. agreed upon the border at the 49th parallel after realizing the land north of it was unsuitable.

20. Expansion into Texas
1820s, Mexico encouraged farmers to settle in their northern territory by offering Land Grants (provided a buffer from Native attacks)
American settlers had to promise to obey Mexican law and observe the official religion-Catholicism
They soon outnumbered the Mexican population and lived as naturalized citizens
Several attempts were made to gain Texas
John Q Adams offered to buy Texas for $1 million
Andrew Jackson offered $5 million
Mexico began to question its open borders to Americans

21. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
Angered by settlers not following religious custom and the abolition of slavery, he closed the borders
Not effective, could not police the borders and population continued to grow with American settlers
1835, settlers attacked Mexican soldiers – start of Texas Revolution
Santa Anna marched to San Antonio with an army to stop the rebellion among white settlers

22. Stephen Austin
Steps to Texas Independence
Began to challenge Antonia Lopez de Santa Anna by calling for self government in Texas
Organized settlers and asked them to prepare for an attack by Santa Anna
1836, Texans attacked and forced Santa Anna’s army from the Alamo, an old mission fort
Mexicans struck back and slaughtered nearly all Americans held up at the Alamo, killing 187
video
Most successful at encouraging American settlement into Texas

23. Sam Houston at San Jacinto
Attacked Santa Anna’s troops who had previously won, but with heavy losses
“Remember the Alamo!”
Killed 630 and took 730 prisoner, including Santa Anna
Under duress, Santa Anna gave up
Sam Houston became the first president of the Republic of Texas

24. Lone Star Republic

25. Texas Annexation V. South North
for annexation, extension of slavery
North
Feared more power to slave holding states &
Feared war with Mexico V.
Annexation
In 1844 James K. Polk , prominent slave holder, was elected President. On Dec. 29, 1845, Texas became the 28th state.

26. War draws near Dispute over border between Texas and Mexico
Texas claims the Rio Grande as the border
Mexico claims the Nueces River

27. Polk the “politician” urges war
Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico to try and purchase California and New Mexico and solidify the border at the Rio Grande
Mexico refused to acknowledge the offer
1846, Zachary Taylor marched troops to the Rio Grande hoping to entice the Mexicans to a fight and unite the country in a war
It worked, Mexico attacked sending troops across the Rio Grande
Video

28. Stephen Kearney marches to California, only to gain New Mexico without a fight=
fight

29. Bear Flag Republic- California
American settlers encouraged independence there just as they had in Texas
before the U.S. troops arrived to defeat the Mexican opposition, James P Fremont had declared the nation the Republic of California
Mexican troops quickly gave up

30. American invasion of Mexico
Victory after victory due to superior leadership
Lee Grant Taylor Scott

31. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848
Rio Grande becomes official border between U.S. and Mexico
New Mexico and California are ceded to the U.S. for $15 million (California, Nevada, New Mexico and Utah)
Mexicans living in these areas were given freedom of religion, protection of property, bilingual elections and open borders

32. GOLD RUSH
1848, gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill in the California Sierra Nevada Mountains

33. Gold Fever Overland migration to California skyrocketed
400 in 1848 to 44,000 in 1850
“forty-niners”
Not just White Americans; Free Blacks, Asians, South Americans, and Europeans came
Video

34. Impact of the GOLD RUSH HUGE POPULATION INCREASE THROUGHOUT CALIFORNIA
DIVERSE GROUP OF SETTLERS
FEW BECAME WEALTHY FROM GOLD
THOSE PROVIDING BASIC NECESSITIES TO PANNERS MADE $$$
LED TO A HUGE DEBATE IN CONGRESS OVER EVENTUAL STATEHOOD (SLAVERY)