1. Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yanli Yang
Mar 1st ,2016
Copyright©2016 by Yang

2. LECTURE Introduction

3. Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Contains only lectures
Great help for BIOL2000, BIOL2001 and
Gene3000

4. Marking: Biochemistry 60% Molecular Biology 40% Assignments 20%
In-class tests %
Exam %

5. Contact:
Phone:

6. Course Materials Textbooks:
Principles of Biochemistry,5th Edition Moran,Horton
Cell and Molecular Biology, Gerald Karp, 6th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reference Book:
基础生物化学，郭蔼光，高教出版社
生物化学,王镜岩等,高等教育出版社

7. Biochemistry? Biology Agriculture Plant Science Biochemistry +
Animal Science
Envi. Science
Chemistry
Manufacturing
………

8. What are you going to learn?
The structures, functions and interactions of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules
The biochemical pathways and activities that account for the synthesis and degradation of the major macromolecules in living cells.
Catalytic and regulatory strategies use by living cells.

9. Lecture Contents Unit I : Structure and Function
 Chapter 1 Nucleic Acids
Chapter 2 Proteins
Chapter 3 Enzymes
Chapter 4 Vitamins and Coenzymes
Unit II: Metabolism
Chapter 5 Biological Oxidation
Chapter 6 Carbohydrate Metabolism
Chapter 7 Lipid Metabolism
Chapter 8 Metabolism Regulation

10. Lecture Contents cont’
Unit III: Information Pathways
Chapter 9 Chromosome structure
Chapter 10 DNA replication
Chapter 11 DNA repair
Chapter 12 Transcription in prokaryotes
Chapter 13 Transcription in eukaryotes
Chapter 14 Protein synthesis

11. Biochemistry is a modern science
1828, Friedrich Wöhler
Inorganic
Organic

12. Two major breakthroughs
Enzymes as catalysts
Nucleic acids as information-carrying molecules

13. The chemical elements of life
97%, C, H, O, N, P, S
3%, 23 other elements

14. The basic types of organic compounds commonly encountered in biochemistry

17. Many Important Macromolecules Are Polymers
Anabolic
Building block
Simple sugar
Amino acid
Nucleotide
Fatty acid
Macromolecule
Polysaccharide
Protein (peptide)
RNA or DNA
Lipid
Catabolic

19. This process joins two sugar monomers to make a double sugar molecule
Linking Monomers
Cells link monomers by dehydration process (removing a molecule of water)
Remove H
H2O Forms
Remove OH
This process joins two sugar monomers to make a double sugar molecule

20. Breaking Down Polymers
Cells break down macromolecules by a process called hydrolysis (adding a molecule of water)
Water added to split a double sugar molecule

21. Nucleic Acids
Store hereditary information
Contain information for making all the
proteins
Two types exist --- DNA & RNA

22. Proteins
Functions as transport proteins, structural proteins, enzymes, antibodies, cell receptors.
Building blocks of proteins.
R Group (side chains) determines the chemical properties of each amino acids.
Also determines how the protein folds and its biological function.

23. Proteins as Enzymes
Many proteins act as biological catalysts or enzymes
Enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions by weakening bonds, thus lowering the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction ——Catalysator
Enzymes are reusable!
Thousands of different enzymes exist in the body
No not interfere with the equilibrium of reaction
Active site - a cleft or groove in an enzyme that binds the substrates of a reaction
The nature and arrangement of amino acids in the active site make it specific for only one type of substrate. (accepts just one enaniomer)
Egg white lysozyme

24. Sugars Carbohydrates Basic unit is Monosaccharides. Starch, Glycogen
Dietary energy
Structure
Storage
Intercellular communications
Carbohydrates most abundant organic molecule
found in nature.
Initially synthesized in plants from a complex series
of reactions involving photosynthesis.
Basic unit is monosaccharides.
Monosaccharides can form larger molecules e.g. glycogen, plant starch or cellulose.
Functions
Store energy in the form of starch (photosynthesis in plants) or glycogen (in animals and humans).
Provide energy through metabolism pathways and cycles.
Supply carbon for synthesis of other compounds.
Form structural components in cells and tissues.
Intercellular communications

25. Lipids Fats, oils and steriods. Storage of energy Membrane structures
Insulation (thermal blanket)
Synthesis of hormones
Are monocarboxylic acid contains even number C atoms
Two types: saturated (C-C sb) and unsaturated (C-C db)
Fatty acids are components of several lipid molecules.
E,g. of lipids are triacylglycerol, steriods (cholestrol, sex hormones), fat soluble vitamins.
Functions
Storage of energy in the form of fat
Membrane structures
Insulation (thermal blanket)
Synthesis of hormones

26. Structure of a biological membrane
A lipid bilayer with associated proteins

27. The Cell Is the Basic Unit of Life

30. Prokaryotic Cells

31. Eukaryotic Cells

34. Any questions?