1. Microbiology
“scientific study of microorganisms and their effect on other living organisms”

2. Anthony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
“Father of Microbiology”
“animalcules”
microscopes: 300X
detailed notes
illustrations

3. Spontaneous Generation
life forms arose spontaneously from non-living matter
Francesco Redi: first to challenge
John Needham: challenged by Lazzaro Spallanzani
Louis Pasteur:

4. Germ Theory of Disease (Pathogenic Theory of Medicine)
proposed that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases
cornerstone of modern medicine and clinical microbiology
generally accepted in 1900:
Agostino Bassi
Ignaz Semmelweis
Louis Pasteur

5. Joseph Lister Father of “Antiseptic Technique”
½ patients died of post-operative sepsis
“operation successful, but the patient died”
“wound sepsis” vs. “bad air”
Carbolic Acid (Phenol)

6. Robert Koch
one of the 2 founders of modern bacteriology (Louis Pasteur)
anthrax in sheep
injected healthy animals
Determined bacteria were responsible for several disorders (TB, dysentery, conjunctivitis, cholera)
Koch’s Postulates

7. Naming Microorganisms
staphyl = “clustered together”
coccus = “shaped like a sphere or ball”
aureus = “a golden-yellow color”
Staphylococcus aureus

8. Classification Kingdom Division or Phylum Class Order Family *Genus
*Species

9. Staphylococcus aureus
genus = Staphylococcus
species = aureus
italics : not English
genus: abbreviated e.g. S. aureus

10. Categories of Cells Eukaryotic (“True Nucleus”)
nuclei and cytoskeleton
DNA within the nucleus
Prokaryotic (“Before Nucleus”)
no nuclei and no cytoskeleton
DNA float “freely”
Bacteria and cyanobacteria

11. Divisions
Bacteriology
Rickettsiology
Virology
Protozoology
Mycology

12. Bacteriology
“science that studies bacteria”

13. Bacteria
“a prokaryotic one-celled microorganism of the Kingdom Monera, existing as free living organisms or as parasites, multiplying by binary fission and having a large range of biochemical properties”
pathogenic

14. Mycoplasmas
“bacteria of the Mycoplasma genus that are found in humans and have no cell wall; the smallest free-living organisms presently known being intermediate in size between viruses and bacteria”
double-stranded DNA

15. Chlamydia
“a large group of nonmotile, gram negative intracellular parasites”
replicate in cytoplasm of host cells
use host’s ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) for energy

16. Rickettsiology
“area of science that studies Rickettsia”

17. Rickettsia
“a genus of gram-negative, pathogenic, intracellular parasitic bacteria”
rod-shaped, sphere-shaped, change shape
reproduce within host cell
“arthropod vectors”
tetracycline
sulfonamides encourage growth

18. Virology “the study of viruses and viral diseases”
Virus: “one of a group of minute infectious agents, with certain exceptions (e.g. pox viruses) not resolved in the light microscope, and characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and by the ability to replicate only within living host cells”
rod-shaped, spherical, polyhedral, tad-pole

19. Virion
individual particle that consists of nucleic acid (the nucleoid), DNA or RNA (not both), and a protein shell (capsid)
viruses do not have ATP

20. Groups of Viruses bacterial, animal, and plant
classified according to:
origin: reoviruses (respiratory and enteric)
mode of transmission: arboviruses
manifestations: polioviruses, poxviruses
geographic location: coxsackievirus

21. Prion
“small proteinaceous infectious agents (particles) which almost certainly do not have a nucleic acid genome and thereby resist inactivation by procedures that modify nucleic acids”
do not contain DNA or RNA
spongiform encephalopathies
eg: scrapie, mad cow, Creutzfeldt-Jakob

22. Protozoology
“science that deals with the study of protozoa”

23. Protozoa
“one celled organisms of the Kingdom Protista- most are unicellular although some are colonists”
“first animals”
most abundant
“normal flora”
Classified: shape and method of motility

24. Flagellates
smallest

25. Amoebae
“ooze about”

26. Sporozoans no locomotory extensions bending, creeping, and gliding
parasitic
“apical complex”: penetration

27. Ciliates largest protozoa “hair-like” projections
eat other protozoa and bacteria

28. Mycology
“the branch of science concerned with the study of fungi”

29. Fungus (Funig)
“a group of diverse and widespread unicellular and multicellular organisms, lacking chlorophyll, usually bearing spores and often filamentous”
categories: yeasts, molds, dimorphic
saprophytes

30. Human Fungal Diseases categorized by the level of tissue penetration
1) superficial mycoses
2) cutaneous mycoses
3) subcutaneous mycoses
4) systemic mycoses

31. Opportunistic Fungal Diseases
suppressed immune systems
secondary infection due to treatment for original disorder
can be fatal and difficult to manage