1. Volume 141, Issue 6, Pages 1969-1972 (December 2011)
The Dynamic Duo of Apoptosis and Necrosis in Liver Injury and Liver Carcinogenesis 
Xiao–Ming Yin 
Gastroenterology 
Volume 141, Issue 6, Pages (December 2011)
DOI: /j.gastro
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2. Figure 1
Programmed apoptotic and necrotic death are activated by different mechanisms but there is cross-talk that results in mutual inhibition. Apoptosis is an energy-dependent process. However, necrosis often occurs in a permissive condition of energy depletion, which precludes the activation of apoptosis. On the other hand, caspase-8 activation, with the participation of FADD and/or FLIP, leads to cleavage of the key necrosis signaling molecules, RIP1 and RIP3, thus blocking necrosis. Inhibition of necrosis could be also achieved by the cleavage of PARP-1 by effector caspase-3 or -7, which inactivates this enzyme and prevents adenosine triphosphate reduction during PARP-1–mediated DNA repair. Both apoptosis and necrosis can lead to tissue injury. Cellular regeneration after chronic injury under mutagenic conditions can promote carcinogenesis, which could be further promoted by inflammation, a particular concern in necrotic tissue injury.
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /j.gastro )
Copyright © 2011 AGA Institute Terms and Conditions