1. Using “there” and “It’
By endang iryani

2. Preparatory “there”
There denotes the existence of something which is not identified yet
e.g. There is a book on the desk. (the book is not identified yet; it can be any book
e.g. There are two men in the room
Pattern “there”
There + be + noun + adj. Clause
e.g. There + are + many people + who want to be rich without working hard.
There + was + a man + who waited for you in the office this morning
A book is on the desk

3. Appear, seem, supposed, used
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2. There + be + noun + verb-ing/verb-ed e.g. There + are + many people wanting to be rich without working hard There + was + a man + who waited for you in the office this morning 3. There + verb + to be e.g. There + appeared + to be some reasons why Susno was arrested There + used + to be a small lake beside UIN campus
Appear, seem, supposed, used

4. Arise, emerge, exist, live, remain, come
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4. There + verb + complement e.g. There + comes + a time when Indonesian people are prosperous Once upon a time, there + lived + a wise king in Banten Kingdom
Arise, emerge, exist, live, remain, come

5. Preparatory “It”
Preparatory “it” is used in a number of different ways as follows:
When the subject complement is the weather/climate, time, distance,
e.g. It’s very hot today. It’s raining. It’s summer next month ( weather)
It’s Wednesday today. It’s past midnight. It’s six o’clock (time)
It’s about ten kilometers from here to Pasar Rebo. It’s only a short ride form here (distance)
2. As subject with certain verbs: seem, appear, sound and look
e.g. It seems that the teacher does not recognize me
It appears there is technical problem with the program

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3. As an object after verbs: consider, find, deem, and make.
e.g. We consider it necessary to finish the work now
The goverment finds it difficult to convine the people to use LPG instead of kerosene.
Pattern “it”
It + be + subj. Complement (adj. /noun + to infinitive
e.g. It’s + difficult + to learn English
It’s + a mistake + to ignore his advice

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2. It + be + subj. Complement ( adj. Noun) + gerund e.g. It + is + no use + crying over split milk It + is + no good + hoping for their help 3. It + be + subj. Complement (adj. Noun) + clause e.g. It + is + a pity + that you can’t come It + is + obvious + that he doesn’t love you 4. It + be + subj. Complement ( pronoun/noun) + clause e.g. It + is not+ I + who am to blame was + it + you + who did it?

8. Continue..... It + be + subj. Complement (adv. Of time/place) + clause
e.g. It + was + sixty-five years ago + that we got our indepence
It + will be + in this auditorium + the the graduation will take place
6. It + be + subj. Complement (adj. /noun) + for + pronoun + to infinitive
e.g. It + is + hard + for a goverment employee to live on small salary
Is + it + easy + for UIN graduates to find jobs?