1. Language Work #5: VERBS
Verbs! Actual Verbs! All past tense! Easy!

2. Regular Verbs, Past Tense
In Old Irish, all past tense verbs used do + lenition (do ghlan, do thóg, etc.)
The “do” prefix was dropped except for vowels and verbs starting with f (d’ól, d’fhan, etc.) - d’ól [d’ōl], drank - ghlan [ghlan], cleaned - thóg [hōg], took - d’fhág [d’awg], left - d’fhan [d’ahn], waited

3. D’ÓL – drank
Past tense: change the verb root ól to d’ól d’ól mé – I drank d’ól tú– you drank d’ól sé – he drank d’ól sí – she drank d’ólamar – we drank d’ól sibh– y’all drank d’ól siad– they drank

4. GHLAN – cleaned
Past tense: lenite the verb root glan as ghlan ghlan mé– I cleaned ghlan tú – you cleaned ghlan sé – he cleaned ghlan sí – she cleaned ghlanamar – we cleaned ghlan sibh – y’all cleaned ghlan siad – they cleaned

5. THÓG – took
Past tense: lenite the verb root tóg as thóg thóg mé – I took thóg tú – you took thóg sé – he took thóg sí – she took thógamar – we took thóg sibh – y’all took thóg siad – they took

6. D’FHÁG - left
Past tense: lenite the verb root fág as d’fhág d’fhág mé – I left d’fhág tú – you left d’fhág sé – he left d’fhág sí – she left d’fhágamar – we left d’fhág sibh – y’all left d’fhág siad – they left

7. D’FHAN – waited
Past tense: lenite the verb root fan as d’fhan d’fhan mé – I waited d’fhan tú – you waited d’fhan sé – he waited d’fhan sí – she waited d’fhanamar – we waited d’fhan sibh – y’all waited d’fhan siad – they waited

8. Ask a question, lenite the verb!
Ar ól sibh aréir? – from ól, “drink” [air ōl shiv arair] Did y’all drink last night?
Nár thóg siad é? – from tóg, “take” [nar hōg shee-ad ey] Didn’t they take it?
Cár ghlanamar inné? – from glan, “clean” [car ghlanamer in-yey] – note: cár! Where did we clean yesterday?

9. Negate a phrase, lenite the verb!
Níor ól mé sa teach. - from ól, “drink” [neer ōl mey suh tyakh] I didn’t drink in the house.
Níor fhágamar leabhair anseo. – fág, “leave” [neer aw-ga-mer lyowair an-sho] We didn’t leave books here.
Níor thóg sí é léi. – from tóg, “take” [nee hōg she ey ley-ee] She didn’t take him with her.

10. Review
In Old Irish, all past tense verbs used do + lenition (do ghlan, do thóg, etc.)
The “do” prefix was dropped except for vowels and verbs starting with f - bhris [vrish], broke - thuig [hig], understood - dhruid [grij], shut - chuir [khwir], put - léigh [ley], read (L doesn’t lenite)

11. BHRIS – broke
Past tense: lenite the verb root bris as bhris bhris mé – I broke bhris tú – you broke bhris sé – he broke bhris sí – she broke bhriseamar – we broke bhris sibh – y’all broke bhris siad – they broke

12. THUIG – understood
Past tense: lenite the verb root tuig as thuig thuig mé – I understood thuig tú – you understood thuig sé – he understood thuig sí – she understood thuigeamar – we understood thuig sibh – y’all understood thuig siad – they understood

13. DHRUID – shut
Past tense: lenite the verb root druid as dhruid dhruid mé – I shut dhruid tú – you shut dhruid sé – he shut dhruid sí – she shut dhruideamar – we shut dhruid sibh – y’all shut dhruid siad – they shut

14. CHUIR – put
Past tense: lenite the verb root cuir as chuir chuir mé – I put chuir tú – you put chuir sé – he put chuir sí – she put chuireamar – we put chuir sibh – y’all put chuir siad – they put

15. LÉIGH – read
Past tense: don’t lenite the verb root with ‘L’ léigh mé – I read léigh tú – you read léigh sé – he read léigh sí – she read léamar – we read léigh sibh – y’all read léigh siad – they read

16. Ask a Question, Lenite the Verb!
Ar bhris tú é anseo? – from bris, “break” [air vrish too ey ansho] Did you break it here?
Nár thuig siad é? – tuig, “understand” [nar hig shee-ad ey] Didn’t they understand him?
Cár chuireamar é? – from cuir, “put” [car khwiramer ey] Where did we put it?

17. Negate a phrase, lenite the verb!
Níor léigh mé é sa teach. - from léigh, “read” [neer ley mé ey suh tyakh] I did not read it in the house.
Níor chuir sé leabhair anseo. – from cuir, “put” [neer khwir shey lyowair an-sho] He did not put books here.
Níor dhruid sí an doras. – from druid, “shut” [neer ghrij she an doras] She didn’t shut the door.

18. Assignment
Use the following type I verbs in past tense: - dún [doon] – to close - caill [kyl] – to lose - mol [mull] – to praise - fill [fill] – to return - gabh [gawv] – to give - gearr [gyair] – to cut - póg [pōg] – to kiss - rith [rih] – to run