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Philip G. Zimbardo Robert L. Johnson Ann L. Weber

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1 Philip G. Zimbardo Robert L. Johnson Ann L. Weber

2 What Are Psychology’s Historical Roots?
Modern psychology developed from several conflicting traditions, including structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt psychology, behaviorism, and psychoanalysis

3 Devoted to uncovering basic structures that make up mind and thought
Tradition Devoted to uncovering basic structures that make up mind and thought Structuralism Functionalism Gestalt psychology Behaviorism Psychoanalysis 28

4 Tradition Structuralism Believed mental processes could best be understood in terms of their adaptive purpose and function Functionalism Gestalt psychology Behaviorism Psychoanalysis 28

5 Interested in how we construct “perceptual wholes”
Tradition Structuralism Functionalism Interested in how we construct “perceptual wholes” Gestalt psychology Behaviorism Psychoanalysis 28

6 Argued psychology should deal solely with observable events
Tradition Structuralism Functionalism Gestalt psychology Argued psychology should deal solely with observable events Behaviorism Psychoanalysis 28

7 Asserted mental disorders arise from conflicts in the unconscious mind
Tradition Structuralism Functionalism Gestalt psychology Behaviorism Asserted mental disorders arise from conflicts in the unconscious mind Psychoanalysis 28

8 What are the Perspectives Psychologists Use Today?
Seven main perspectives characterize modern psychology: the biological, developmental, cognitive, clinical, behavioral, trait, and socio-cultural views

9 Seven Modern Perspectives of Psychology
Biological Developmental Cognitive Clinical Behavioral Trait Sociocultural 28

10 Neural structures, biochemistry, and innate responses to external cues
Perspective View of Human Nature: We are complex systems that respond to hereditary and environmental influences Biological Developmental Cognitive What Determines Behavior: Neural structures, biochemistry, and innate responses to external cues Clinical Behavioral Focus of Study: Nervous and endocrine systems, evolutionary advantages of behaviors Trait Sociocultural 28

11 People undergo predictable patterns of change throughout their lives
Perspective View of Human Nature: People undergo predictable patterns of change throughout their lives Biological Developmental Cognitive What Determines Behavior: Interaction between heredity and environment Clinical Behavioral Focus of Study: Patterns of developmental change and their underlying influences Trait Sociocultural 29

12 We are information-processing systems
Perspective View of Human Nature: We are information-processing systems Biological Developmental What Determines Behavior: Interpretation of experience by means of mental processing Cognitive Clinical Behavioral Focus of Study: Mental processes, including sensation, perception, learning, memory, and language Trait Sociocultural 30

13 We are driven by unconscious motives
Perspective View of Human Nature: We are driven by unconscious motives Biological Developmental What Determines Behavior: Psychodynamic view stresses unconscious conflicts Cognitive Clinical Humanistic view focuses on self-concept and need for personal growth Behavioral Trait Focus of Study: Counseling and psychotherapy Sociocultural 31

14 Stimulus cues, history of rewards and punishments
Perspective View of Human Nature: We respond to surroundings according to principles of behavioral learning Biological Developmental Cognitive What Determines Behavior: Stimulus cues, history of rewards and punishments Clinical Behavioral Focus of Study: “Laws” connecting our responses to stimulus conditions in the environment Trait Sociocultural 33

15 Each person’s unique combination of traits
Perspective View of Human Nature: Individual differences result from differences in our underlying patterns of stable characteristics Biological Developmental Cognitive What Determines Behavior: Each person’s unique combination of traits Clinical Behavioral Trait Focus of Study: Fundamental traits, Using trait patterns to predict behavior Sociocultural 34

16 Cultures, social norms and expectations, social learning
Perspective View of Human Nature: We are social animals; human behavior must be interpreted in social context Biological Developmental Cognitive What Determines Behavior: Cultures, social norms and expectations, social learning Clinical Behavioral Focus of Study: Social interaction, socialization, cross-cultural differences Trait Sociocultural 34

17 Next Steps Please close this PowerPoint and then click Assignment 2 in the course to continue. 27

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