1. Asia-Pacific Regionalism Prof. Philip Yang National Taiwan University
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2. Asia Pacific or East Asia
Northeast Asia 東 北 亞
Southeast Asia 東 南 亞
South Asia 南 亞
Central Asia 中 亞
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3. 2019/1/13

4. 2019/1/13

5. 主題二
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6. Asian Fragmentation
The region has at least a century-long history of internal divisiveness, war, and conflict.
It also remains the site of several territorial disputes.
It is also exceptionally diverse economically, politically, culturally, linguistically and religiously.
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7. Overcoming Fragmentation
The Cold War played out very differently for regional integration in East Asia compared to Western Europe.
In Europe, the U.S. built its alliance structure around the NATO, a militarily multilateral organization.
In Asia, the U.S. forged bilateral alliances and basing arrangements with each of its anti-communist allies – Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and the Philippines.
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8. Starting the 1970s, three factors helped closer ties in Asia:
First, Japan’s economic success allowed the country to play a larger role in regional economic development.
Through trade, investment, technology transfer, and official aid, Japan played a leadership role at the head of a flock of East Asian “flying geese.” => but Not a Leader
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9. Second, China began to shift its strategic orientation, opting first for autonomy, and then later, for greater openness to Western capitalist economics => China’s Rise
This Chinese shift also improved the overall security climate across the region, provided an additional intra-Asian counterweight to U.S. dominance. => a strong China better than a weak China?
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10. Third, the creation of ASEAN in 1967 and its expansion of collective mission from security to economic, social and cultural cooperation and development.
ASEAN developed a bargaining style – the ASEAN way, that cooperation could take place despite only low levels of formal institutionalization and legalization.
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11. Three Drivers of Linkages
The three main drivers of connections across national borders in East Asia have been governments, corporations and ad hoc problem-oriented bodies.
First, governments have been key agents driving much of the region’s integrative activities.
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12. The focus is on multinational governmental cooperation in creating formal regional organizations: ASEAN, ARF, APEC, ASEM, PECC, China-ASEAN FTA, EA Summit.
They have cooperated across borders through foreign aid, cultural exchange agreements, technology sharing arrangements, and ad hoc agreements over particular extra-national problems such as smuggling, piracy, migration, organized crime, environmental problems, and the like.
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13. The second set of drivers are: private corporations and financial institutions.
Corporations are playing a substantial role in regionalizing East Asia through cross-border promotion of products linked to “Asian popular culture” including animated cartoons, manga, J-pop and K-pop.
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14. The Third driver of regional integration is problem-oriented cooperation.
These include numerous problems in the area of the environment, energy, water, migration, crime, non-state terror, boundary disputes, or pandemics such as AIDS or SARS.
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15. Asia-Pacific Regionalization (not regionalism)
Regionalism involves primarily the process of institution creation.
It occurs when nation-states come together through “top-down” activities – deliberate projects involving government-to-government cooperation.
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16. Regionalism has at least three key elements” it is top-down; it is biased toward formal agreements; and it involves semi-permanent structures in which governments are the main participants.
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17. Regionalization, in contrast, develops from the bottom-up through societally-driven processes.
Key elements in regionalization are: the bottom-up process, social construction, and results that do not necessarily involve governmentally-representative bodies.
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18. The principal impetus toward closer integration in Asia came less through explicit and formal organizations, but more from the bottom-up processes tied to economic and problem-solving regionalization.
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19. Closer Integration in Asia-Pacific
An increasingly dense network of cross-border cooperation, collaboration, interdependence, and even formalized institutional integration => AP Regionalism
Rise of China
Emerging normative system
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20. Development of AP Regionalism
PBEC 1967
PECC 1980(Japan: Asian Network)
APEC 1989 (EAEC 1990)
ARF 1994
ASEM 1995
APT 1998
EAS 2005
China-ASEAN FTA 2010
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21. Regionalism in Asia-Pacific
APEC emerged: trade liberalization and facilitation
Open Regionalism: WTO consistency
Voluntary Compliance
2020, 2010
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22. ASEAN and ARF ASEAN: ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)
One Voice: Conference Diplomacy
ASEAN way
ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)
Regional security forum
Not limited to SEA issues
Two tracks dialogue
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23. ASEAN Plus Three (10 + 3)
Since the Asian Financial Crisis of , the ten ASEAN countries have initiated a regular series of meetings at the cabinet and head-of-government levels with their counterparts from Japan, China, and Korea.
Economic, financial, and security cooperation
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24. ASEAN-China FTA
In 2000, in the ASEAN + 3 summit, Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji tabled a proposal to set up an ASEAN-China free trade agreement, signed in 2001.
2010: ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (FTA) within 10 years
The world’s biggest free trade area embracing 1.7 billion
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25. Discussion Question
Kim argues with respect to East Asia: "..the region's normative and economic diversities and disparities are not preprogrammed to doom regionalist projects, but they do make it more difficult for security regionalism-- and to a lesser extent, trade regionalism-- to grow and flourish." (p. 58) Do you agree? What to you think the future prospects for East Asian regionalism are?
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