1. Kingdom Plantae

2. Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae
Mutlicellular- more than one cell
Eukaryotic- true nucleus
Autotrophic-produce own food
Have cells with cell walls made of cellulose and chloroplasts

3. Kingdom Plantae Seedless plants Ex. Ferns
Vascular Plants
Non Vascular Plants
Seedless plants
Ex. Ferns
Reproduce sexually with spores
Seed plants
Ex. Trees, flowers
Reproduce sexually with seeds
Ex. Mosses
No system to transport water or nutrients
Usually smaller and live near water
Gymnosperms
Reproduce with cones
Angiosperms
Reproduce with flowers

4. Evolution of Plants

5. Non-vascular vs Vascular
Have no roots, stems or leaves
Have no specialized cells for the transport of water and nutrients
Are thought to be the first land dwelling plants
Are usually low, flat and close to water
Have roots, stems and leaves
Have xylem to transport water from the roots to the leaves
Have phloem to transport nutrients from the leaves to the rest of the plant
Adapted to life on dry land

6. Vascular Tissue
Glucose that is made in the leaves is carried throughout the plant through phloem. Phloem has cells with ends that have holes that allow for the two-way flow of the food
Transpiration: the release of water vapor form the leaves that is a result of cellular respiration-draws water up through the xylem. Xylem is like a straw with a one way flow of water and minerals

7. Seedless Vascular Plants
Ferns
Reproduce sexually using spores
Offspring have no food or protection

8. Seed Plants
Advantages of seeds
Two types of seed plants
Seed have a seed coat that protects them from damage and water loss
Seeds contain a food source for the plant embryo called the cotyledon
Gymnosperms
Have seed that are not enclosed (naked seed) cone
Angiosperms
Have seeds that are enclosed- usually in a fruit

9. Gymonosperms Are usually woody and are often called soft wood.
Evergreen
They retain their leaves year round
Perennial: Live more than one growing season
4 main groups
Conifers-cone bearing (pines)
Cycads-palm-like, tropical
Ginkgoes-only one living today Ginko biloba
Gnetophytes: only 3 types left. One makes the drug ephredrine

10. Angiosperms Angio: “vessel”
Only angiosperms produce specialized reproductive structures called flowers.
Of all the divisions of plants, angiosperms ("vessel seed") are the most successful and most diverse.
Most flowering plants coevolved with pollinators—insects, bats, birds, etc.

11. Two types of angiosperms
Monocots have one cotyledon
Leaves are grass-like and the leaf veins are parallel
Dicots have two cotyledons and the seed can be split into two equal halves
Ex beans and nuts.

12. Anatomy of a flower

13. Seed Anatomy

14. Seedling Emergence Forces that must be overcome Gravity
Mass of the soil on top of the seed
Wind rain, etc.

15. Alternation of generations
Key Aspects of the Life Cycles
The diploid sporophyte has extensive root and shoot systems; it also retains and nourishes the gametophyte.
Embryos are nourished by the endosperm within the seeds, which are packaged inside fruits.

16. Evolution of Pollen and Seeds
The spores of some algae and simple vascular plants are all alike– homospory.
In the gymnosperm and angiosperm lineages, the spores are differentiated into two types–heterospory.
The male gametophytes–pollen grains–are released from the parent plant to be carried by whatever means to the female gametophyte.
The female gametophytes remain in the plant and are surrounded by protective tissues, eventually producing a seed .