1. Structured Program Development in C
Dr. Nouf Aljaffan
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2. Variables & Data types Control structures Additional Operators
Outlines
Variables & Data types
Control structures
Additional Operators
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3. Variables and DataTypes
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4. Variables/Identifiers
Names that represent values in the program
Similar to algebraic variables
All variables have a type which must be declared
E.g. int x; float y;
Type determines :
how arithmetic is preformed,
how much memory space is required.
Variables/Identifiers
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5. Data types and sizes C has a small family of datatypes.
Numeric (int, float, double)
Character (char)
User defined (struct,union)
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6. Basic Data Types The individual sizes are machine/compiler dependent.
However, the following is guaranteed:
sizeof(char)<sizeof(short)< =sizeof(int)<=sizeof(long)
sizeof(char)<sizeof(short)< =sizeof(float)<=sizeof(doubl e)
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7. Type Conversion Implicit Explicit
Data will get automatically converted from one type to another.
Data may also be expressly converted, using the typecast operator
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8. Implicit Type Conversion
When data is being stored in a variable, if the data being stored does not match the type of the variable.
The data being stored will be converted to match the type of the storage variable.
When an operation is being performed on data of two different types.
The "smaller" data type will be converted to match the "larger" type.
For example, when an int is added to a double, the computer uses a double version of the int and the result is a double.
The following example converts the value of nTotal to a double precision value before performing the division.  Note that if the 3.0 were changed to a simple 3, then integer division would be performed, losing any fractional values in the result.
average = nTotal / 3.0;
When data is passed to or returned from functions.
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9. Explicit Type Conversion
The following example converts the value of nTotal to a double precision value before performing the division. ( nStudents will then be implicitly promoted, following the guidelines listed above. )
average = ( double ) nTotal / nStudents;
Note that nTotal itself is unaffected by this conversion.
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10. Variables and Variable Definitions
Naming rules:
Variable names can contain letters,digits and _
Variable names should start with letters.
Keywords (e.g., for,while etc.) cannot be used as variable names
Variable names are case sensitive. int x; int X declares two different variables.
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11. Pop quiz (correct/incorrect):
int money$owed; int total_count int score2 int 2ndscore int long
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12. Variable declaration The general format for a declaration is
type variable-name [=value] ;
char x; /∗ uninitialized ∗/
char x=’A’; /∗ intialized to ’A’∗/
char x=’A’,y=’B’; /∗multiple variables initialized ∗/
char x=y=’Z’; /∗multiple initializations ∗/
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13. Declaration of answer and assigning it a value
The general form of the assignment statement is:
variable = expression;
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14. Constants
The const qualifier is used to tell C that the variable value can not change after initialisation.
Constants are literal/fixed values assigned to variables or used directly in expressions.
Examples:
const char letter = ‘a’;
const float pi= ;
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15. Exercises
Define the variables x, y and z to be of type int where x= 9, y=2, z=0
Prompt the user to enter a float and store it in z.
Define the variable result, compute the product of the numbers in the variables x, y and z, and use that product to initialize the variable result.
Print "The product is" followed by the value of the integer variable result.
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16. Branching/ Selections
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17. if (expression) { Branching forms (1) If Statement
Block of statements; }
(1) If Statement
if (expression) {
Block of statements;
} else {
Block of statements; }
(2) If ..else Statement
if (expression) {
Block of statements;
} else if(expression) {
} else {
Block of statements; }
(3) Nested If..else Statement
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18. if Selection statement
if (expression) {
Block of statements; }
if Selection statement
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19. if…else Selection statement
if (expression) {
Block of statements;
} else {
Block of statements; }
if…else Selection statement
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20. Conditional operator ?:
The ? : operator is just like an if ... else statement except that because it is an operator you can use it within expressions.
? : is a ternary operator in that it takes three values, this is the only ternary operator C has.
? : takes the following form:
if condition is true ? then X return value : otherwise Y value;
(expression) ? value1 : value2
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21. Conditional operator ?:
if condition is true ? then X return value : otherwise Y value;
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22. If..else vs ?: max = x >= y ? x : y ; if ( x > = y ) max = x ;
max = y ;
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23. Nested if...else Statements
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24. switch statement switch( expression ) { } limited by
case constant-expression1: statements1;
[case constant-expression2: statements2;]
[case constant-expression3: statements3;]
[default : statements4;] }
limited by  
The expression can be integer or char and cannot be float or any other data type.
No two case statement constants may be the same.
Character constants are automatically converted to integer.
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25. switch statement switch( expression ) { } switch( Grade ) {
case constant-expression1: statements1; break;
[case constant-expression2: statements2; break;]
[case constant-expression3: statements3; break;]
[default : statements4;] }
switch statement
switch( Grade ) {
case 'A' : printf( "Excellent\n" ); break;
case 'B' : printf( "Good\n" ); break;
case 'C' : printf( "OK\n" ); break;
case 'D' : printf( "Mmmmm....\n" ); break;
case 'F' : printf( "You must do better than this\n" ); break;
default : printf( "What is your grade anyway?\n" ); break; }
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26. Exercise
Test whether the value of the variable count is greater than 10. If it is, print “Count is greater than 10.”
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27. Operators
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28. Assignment Operators
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29. Increment and Decrement Operators
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30. Increment and Decrement Operators
For Example :-
int i, j = 2 ;
i = ++ j ; /* prefix :- i has value 3, j has value 3 */
i = j++ ; /* postfix :- i has value 3, j has value 4 */
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31. Nouf Aljaffan (C) 2018

32. Iteration & Looping
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33. Means of iteration: Counter-Controlled Iteration
Sentinel-controlled iteration
definite iteration
It requires
The name of a control variable (or loop counter).
The initial value of the control variable.
The increment (or decrement) by which the control variable is modified each time through the loop.
The condition that tests for the final value of the control variable (i.e., whether looping should continue).
indefinite iteration
The precise number of iterations isn’t known in advance, and
The loop includes statements that obtain data each time the loop is performed.
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34. Iteration & Looping
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35. While Iteration Statements
Initialization
While( condition){
statements }
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36. While Iteration Statements
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37. for Iteration Statement
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38. for Iteration Statement
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39. do…while Iteration Statement
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40. break and continue Statements
break and continue are used to alter the flow of control.
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41. break Statement
break can be used in a while, for, do…while or switch statement
causes an immediate exit from that statement.
Program execution continues with the next statement after that while, for, do…while or switch.
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42. continue Statement continue can be used in a while, for or do…while
Cause skipping the remaining statements in that control statement’s body
and performs the next iteration of the loop.
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43. Confusing Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators
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44. Logical Operator Logical AND (&&) Operator Logical OR (||) Operator
Logical Negation (!) Operator
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45. Exercises
Sum the odd integers between 1 and 99 using a for statement. Use the unsigned integer
variables sum and count.
Print the integers from 1 to 20 using a while loop and the counter variable x. Print only five integers per line. [Hint: Use the calculation x % 5. When the value of this is 0, print a newline character, otherwise print a tab character.]
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46. Conclusion Variables Data Types
Expression represent a single data item such as a number or character
Statement caused the computer to carry out some action
Branching
If statement
If..Else statement
Nested if statement
Switch statement
Looping
For statement
While statement
Do while statement
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47. Questions?
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