1. NL Studies 2205 (2.1) People of the Land

2. Roots Of Our Culture
Most cultures, around the world, have stories or tales about the origin of both people and animals. This type of tale or legend originating among a people and typically becoming part of an oral tradition is known as a Folktale.
Read “Origin of Man and Animals” (page -108)

3. Storytelling
Storytelling is the art of saying words to convey the elements and images of a story to an audience, stimulating the imagination of the listener. This includes folk tales, local legends, and recitations.
View the PP presentation on “Storytelling”
Pass out assignment on storytelling.

4. Terminology:
Common Era or Current Era, abbreviated CE, is a calendar era that is often used as an alternative naming of the Anno Domini system ("in the year of the Lord"), abbreviated AD. The system uses BCE as an abbreviation for "before the Common (or Current) Era” and CE as an abbreviation for "Common Era".
Population distribution means the pattern of where people live. World population distribution is uneven. Places which are sparsely populated contain few people. Places which are densely populated contain many people. Sparsely populated places tend to be difficult places to live.

6. Peopling the Americas Beringia
At the end of the last ice age, when sea levels were lower and big-game hunters living in eastern Siberia followed their prey across the Bering land bridge and into Alaska. Water levels later returned to normal
Archaeologists long thought the first North Americans were the Clovis people, who were said to have reached the New World some 13,000 years ago from northern Asia.

8. Peopling the Americas
Once the first humans made it over, it appears that multiple migrations took place over the next several millennia, not only across the ice-free corridor, but also along the coast by boat.
This facilitated population distribution

9. Peopling the Americas:
Archaeological have found proof that humans reached the Americas thousands of years before that.
Researchers who conducted a genetic analysis say that they can trace Native Americans ancestry back to two groups of migrants who arrived in Americas around the same time, between 15,000 and 17,000 years ago, but took distinctly different routes. One by land and one by sea.

10. The land masses were divided into what became known as “Old World” and “New World”

11. Population Distribution
Americas (New World):
South America:
- 15th century Americas = 40 – 60 million people
Mexico & Peru was most densely populated. Mainly agrarian (agricultural) with a few big cities
The Aztec city Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) had a
population of 250,000 people

12. Population Distribution
Americas (New World):
North America:
Canada/US were mainly hunter-gatherer societies
This was before the agrarian lifestyle.
- These people also began basic trading of goods, such as dried fish, maize, beans: Materials such as obsidian, Chert (Type of silica to make tools and weapons) and shells. Even some manufactured items such as pottery, knives and needles were traded.

13. Population Distribution
Europe and Asia (Old World):
- 80 – 100 million people (15-16th Century)
- Rural & Agrarian
Population expanded greatly
Most groups practiced farming and had some domesticated animals. Urban centers increased
Began to look elsewhere for resources. After
agriculture, the fisheries employed the most
people in Europe.
- Asia had the largest & grandest cities. Peking
was the largest city in the world.

14. Questions – Page 113
#2. Assuming that humans migrated into the Americas via Beringia, why do you think most peoples continued the migration south? Why might some have stayed in the north?
They continued south:
- they were hunter-gathers and thus followed their food supply
- they moved to warmer climate
- they were nomadic by nature
- following the fish down stream or along the coast
- better for growing crops or vegetation
- better materials
They stayed in the north:
- fear of the unknown
- liked the lifestyle and food supply

15. Questions – Page 113
#4. What would be the relative advantages and challenges of living in: a. A hunter-gatherer society versus an agricultural society? b. A rural area versus an urban area?
Hunter-gather:
adv: - exploring the land
- less health problems such as obesity
- more egalitarian
disadv: - unsure of food supply
- constantly packing and moving
- knowledge is not passed forward as quickly (innovations)
- less variety of foods

16. Questions – Page 113
#4. What would be the relative advantages and challenges of living in: a. A hunter-gatherer society versus an agricultural society? b. A rural area versus an urban area?
Agricultural:
adv: - permanent shelters
- more free time
- surplus of food supply
- more structured and more civilized society (towns)
- skills and knowledge were better passed
- agriculture is the only way to sustain a big population
- more trade
disadv: - a drought or flood destroys food supply
- a more industrial based society the ecology based
- a disease is passed on more quickly to a greater number
- more food consumption and more sedentary population
- more rivalry between towns/communities (wars)

17. Questions – Page 113
#4. What would be the relative advantages and challenges of living in: a. A hunter-gatherer society versus an agricultural society? b. A rural area versus an urban area? b. Rural: adv: - more active population - know your neighbour (closer relationships) - closer to nature (hunting or camping) disadv: - less produce - more expensive for supplies - less public services (buses or recreation programs) - less businesses means less choices

18. Questions – Page 113
#4. What would be the relative advantages and challenges of living in: a. A hunter-gatherer society versus an agricultural society? b. A rural area versus an urban area? b. Urban: adv: - more public services (bank machines, buses) - better variety of food - closer to medical services - more businesses means more consumer choices disadv: - poorer social (community) network - poorer diet and more sedentary population - a more hectic pace and more stress - more crime