1. Unit 2
&
TOBACCO
Alcohol

2. What is Alcohol ? It is a DEPRESSANT
Slows down body functions (CNS). Alters perceptions, vision, movement, emotion, and hearing.
Produced through a process known as fermentation
Must be 21 years of age to use this drug- National Drinking Age Act (1984)
Legal but controlled

3. How to measure 1 standard drink
12 ounce bottle of beer (5% alcohol by volume)
5-6 ounce glass of wine (12% alcohol by volume)
ounce glass of distilled spirits (40% alcohol by volume)
Alcohol by volume is the standard measure of how much alcohol (ethanol) is in a given volume of a drink. Each standard drink contains 14g of pure alcohol

4. Can one drink interfere with a person’s judgement & reflexes?
When are you legally intoxicated?
Measure your BAC
Minors legally drunk .02
Georgia’s law for being legally drunk is .08
Define intoxication :
state in which the body is poisoned by alcohol or any other substance, a person’s physical/mental control is significantly reduced. (mild or major)

5. Blood Alcohol Concentration
Which is known as BAC
Amount of alcohol (ethanol) in a person’s blood, expressed as a percentage
Ex: BAC of .10 = 1% of blood is alcohol
Factors that Influence Alcohol’s Effects:
Body size
Gender
Food
Rate & amount of intake (binge)
Medicine

6. Short & Long Term Effects on Alcohol
Short-Term :
After a few drinks, what can happen?
Changes to the Brain (slows neurotransmitters impairing
judgement, coordination, reaction time, and perception)
Cardiovascular Changes (increase blood flood flow/disrupted heart rhythm)
Fluid/Electrolyte imbalances (dehydration)
Memory loss (blackout)
What is Binge Drinking?
Drinking 5 or more alcoholic drinks at one sitting
It can lead to alcohol poisoning and blackouts

7. Long-Term :
After many years, how can alcohol seriously damage the body?
Damage to brain dendrites (receive neurotransmitters and bring info to cell body)
Increase in blood pressure and weakened heart contractions (strokes/heart attacks)
Build up of fat cells (fatty liver)
Swelling (gastritis) or damage of the lining of the stomach, and the swelling of the pancreas (pancreatitis)
Tolerance increase leading to increased consumption
Cirrhosis: potentially fatal condition in which liver cells are replaced by useless scar tissue leaving it less affective at removing harmful toxins from the blood

8. Alcohol Abuse
Psychological dependence: a condition in which a person believes that a drug is needed in order to feel good or to function normally.
Physiological dependence: a condition in which the user has a chemical need for a drug.
Factors the Contribute to Alcohol Abuse
Genetics
Alcoholic Parents
Family, Peers, Culture
Stress

9. Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism
Define Alcoholism: a disease in which a person has a physical and psychological dependence on drinks that contain alcohol
3 Stages of Alcoholism
Abuse: intentionally binge drinks to get drunk.
Dependence: mental need for alcohol to function properly.
3. Addiction: physical/mental dependence, the body craves alcohol, loss of control, stopping would cause severe withdrawal (tremors, anxiety, headache, sweating, irritability).

10. Mothers who drink while pregnant, what happens?
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome:
A group of alcohol related birth defects that
include physical & mental problems.
Types of birth defects include:
Low birth weight
Heart, liver, and kidney defects
Cognitive Impairments, difficulty learning
Small head, deformities of facial, hands or feet
Vision or hearing problems
Hyperactivity, anxiety, and social withdrawal
behavioral problems

11. Recovery Programs for Alcoholics
MADD/SADD programs
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
Al-Anon
Alateen
Four Steps To Recovery
Admission
Detoxification
Counseling
Recovery

12. TOBACCO

13. Chemicals of Tobacco Tobacco contains more than 4,000 chemicals
What are carcinogens?
- cancer causing
chemicals
70 cancer causing chemicals in tobacco

14. 3 most poisonous chemicals in tobacco smoke:
Tar: a thick, sticky, yellowish brown residue produced from chemicals in tobacco when burned.
Causes destruction of the cilia. What is Cilia? Tiny hairs lining the bronchial tubes of the lungs. Cilia sweeps away agents that causes disease of the respiratory system. Responsible for stained teeth and fingers of chronic smokers.
Nicotine: the addictive chemical found in tobacco leaves.
Psychoactive chemical, chemical everyone gets hooked on, without nicotine. Nicotine is a STIMULANT that acts as a sedative with increasing doses causing the user to crave more.
Carbon Monoxide: a colorless, odorless, and poisonous gas – found in cigarette smoke.
It interferes with the red blood cell’s ability to carry oxygen, causes shortness of breath

15. Short-term Effects
Brain chemistry changes (increased levels of dopamine)
Respiration and heart rate increases
Taste buds are deformed & appetite is reduced
Users have bad breath, yellowed teeth, & smelly hair, skin & clothes

16. Long-term Effects
Lung Cancer: a disease caused by cells that have lost normal growth controls, they invade and destroy healthy tissue.
Cancer related to tobacco use is not limited to the lungs: esophagus, larynx, bladder, kidney, etc.
Coronary artery disease, heart attacks, & stokes
A weakened immune system (damaged antibodies)
Enhances bone mineral density loss in women
Gum disease and tooth decay
Smoking Kills 40% of men and 28 % of women prematurely or about 1 in 6 deaths in the U.S. every year alone!

17. Respiratory Diseases
Chronic Bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchial tubes in the lungs and the production of excessive mucus
- persistent coughing and production of mucus
that doesn’t go away for months (mucus secretions can’t be cleared from lower respiratory tract)
Emphysema: the tiny air sacs of the lungs lose their elasticity
- these air sacs absorb oxygen coming into the body and help push carbon dioxide out of the body
- Carbon dioxide gets trapped decreasing the amount of
room for oxygen-rich air to enter

18. Risks of “Tobacco” Smoke
ETS: environment tobacco smoke or secondhand smoke, is air that has been contaminated by tobacco smoke:
Mainstream smoke: smoke exhaled from the lungs of smoker
Sidestream smoke: smoke from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar (i.e. side of the cigarette)
75% of the smoke that comes from a burning cigarette is sidestream smoke (enters the environment)
Sidestream smoke contains twice as much tar and nicotine, and three times as much carbon monoxide as mainstream smoke
ETS contributes to 45,000 deaths annual in the US
Many new laws have been passed to protect the public from the danger of passive smoking

19. Other ways to get your fix of nicotine: (smokeless tobacco)
Tobacco that is sniffed through the nose, held in the mouth, or chewed that can cause oral cancers (mouth, tongue, cheek, gum, and esophagus as well as tooth decay, gum disease, and cardiovascular disease).
Chewing tobacco:
- releases juices of nicotine & other chemicals
- juices mix with saliva/mucus membrane that is absorbed into
the bloodstream
- example: red man
Snuff:
- nicotine & other chemicals are absorbed into the blood
stream through the mucus membrane
- example: Copenhagen
What is Leukoplakia?
thickened, white, leathery-looking spots on the inside of the mouth that can develop into oral cancer

20. Consequences???? Cost to society $167 billion a year
Cost to individuals $3,561 a year
Legal consequences Must be 18 yrs old
480,000 deaths a year in the U.S.
Tobacco cessation program: a course that provides information and help to people who want to stop using tobacco or join a support group (ACS)