1. Chapter 9
A Breath of Fresh Air

2. The Respiratory System
The respiratory system brings oxygen from the air into the body for delivery via blood to the cells.
Respiration is the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the atmosphere and the body cells.

3. The Respiratory System
Ventilation means the bringing in of fresh air.
Ventilation also is known as breathing.

4. The Respiratory Tract

5. The Respiratory System
The respiratory system is divided into upper and lower tracts.
The upper respiratory tract consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx.

6. Upper Respiratory System
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Mouth
Larynx
Epiglottis
Tongue
Trachea

7. Upper Respiratory Tract
Air enters and exits the body through the nose.
Nas/o and rhin/o are combining forms for nose.
External openings of the nose area are called nares. 7

8. Upper Respiratory Tract
The pharynx is the area from the back of the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx.
Pharyng/o is the combining form for pharynx
Commonly called the throat 8

9. Upper Respiratory Tract
The larynx is the area between the pharynx and the trachea.
Laryng/o is the combining form for the larynx.
Commonly called the voice box
contains the vocal cords

10. The Respiratory System
The lower respiratory tract consists of the trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs.

11. Lower Respiratory System
Epiglottis
Alveoli
Larynx
Trachea
Cartilage ring
Lungs
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Anatomy & Physiology TM

12. Lower Respiratory Tract
The trachea extends from the neck to the chest and passes air from the larynx to the thoracic cavity.
Trache/o is the combining form for the trachea.
Commonly called the windpipe
contains C-shaped cartilaginous rings

13. Lower Respiratory Tract
The trachea divides into two branches at the tracheal bifurcation to form bronchi.
Bronch/o is the combining form for bronchi.
Bronchus is the singular form of bronchi.

14. Lower Respiratory Tract
The bronchi continue to get smaller in diameter until they become bronchioles.
Bronchiol/o is the combining form for bronchioles.
-ole means small.

15. Lower Respiratory Tract
Alveoli are air sacs in which gas exchange occurs.
Alveol/o is the combining form for alveoli (small sac).
Oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses across the alveolar wall. 15

16. Supporting Structures
The thoracic cavity is contained within the ribs.
Cost/o is the combining form for ribs.
Thorac/o and -thorax mean chest cavity or chest.

17. Supporting Structures
The lung is the main organ of respiration.
The lungs are divided into well-defined divisions called lobes.
Pneum/o, pneumon/o, and pneu mean lungs or air.
Pulm/o and plumon/o mean lung.

18. Supporting Structures
The lung is encased in a membranous sac called the pleura.
The pleura has two layers; between these two layers is the pleural space.
Pleur/o is the combining form for pleura. 18

19. Thoracic Cavity Thoracic Cavity Pleura Thin membrane lining
Visceral layer
Parietal layer

20. Supporting Structures
The diaphragm is the muscle that separates the thoracic and peritoneal cavities.
Dia- means across.
Phragm/o is the combining form for wall.
Diaphragmat/o and phren/o are combining forms for diaphragm.

21. Supporting Structures
Breathing is the inhalation and exhalation of air.
Inhalation is the drawing in of a breath.
Exhalation is the release of a breath.
Respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

22. Terms Associated with Breathing
The root -pnea means breathing.
Ox/i, ox/o, and ox/y refer to oxygen.
Capn/o refers to carbon dioxide. 22

23. Terms Associated with Breathing
apnea
dyspnea
bradypnea
tachypnea
hyperpnea
hypopnea
hypoxia
hypercapnia
hypocapnia

24. Diagnostic Terms Auscultation Bronchoscopy Laryngoscope
listening to body sounds using a stethoscope
Bronchoscopy
Procedure to visually examine the bronchi
Laryngoscope
Instrument used to visually
examine the larynx
Often used for intubation

25. Thoracentesis Trachael Wash Withdraw fluid from thorax
Flushing small amount of fluid into trachea and
lungs, then aspirating the fluid back from the lungs
in order to collect a sample for analyzing
(culture, cytology)

26. Pathological Conditions
Epistaxis
Nosebleed
Icepack on nose to constrict blood vessels
Causes

27. Rodenticide or rat poisoning Von Willebrand's disease (vWD)
While there are many causes of epistaxis in dogs, the most common causes are trauma and infection.
Rodenticide or rat poisoning
Von Willebrand's disease (vWD)
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia 
Ehrlichiosis - tick-borne disease
Rocky Mountain spotted fever - tick-borne disease
Hemangiosarcoma 
Other cancers, especially of the nasal passages and skull
Fungal diseases (Aspergillis)
Horses: Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage

28. Tracheal Foreign Body

29. Collapsed Trachea

30. Thoracentesis Hemothorax – blood Pyothorax – pus Pneumothorax - air

31. Inflammation of Rhinitis Laryngitis Pharyngitis Bronchitis Tracheitis
Tracheobronchitis
Kennel Cough

32. Fluid or Inflammation Pulmonary edema Pneumonia
 fluid accumulation in the air spaces and parenchyma
of the lungs. It leads to impaired gas exchange and
may cause respiratory failure.
Pneumonia
an inflammatory condition
of the lung affecting primarily
the alveoli.

33. Snuffles
Pasteurella

34. Diaphragmatic Hernia

35. Medical Terms for the Respiratory System
Additional terms for respiratory system tests, pathology, and procedures can be found in the text.
Review StudyWARE to make sure you understand these terms.

36. Pleurisy or Pleuritis
Exudate
Transudate
Serous fluid