1. Types of references

2. 1- extension & intension : in semantics, correlative words that indicate the reference of a term or concept.
“intension” indicates the internal content of a term or concept that constitutes its formal definition.
“extension” indicates its range of applicability by naming the particular objects that it denotes

3. intension of “ship” as a substantive is “vehicle for conveyance on water”

4. extension

5. Once the meaning differs according to it’s content, it’s a prototype.
2- Prototype: an object or referent which is typical of the whole sentence.
Once the meaning differs according to it’s content, it’s a prototype.

6. In Palestine, it’s a source of meat and milk
In India, it’s consider as a god

7. Concrete : objects which can be touched.
3- concrete vs. abstract
Concrete : objects which can be touched.
Dog , door, leaf, stone
Abstract: invisible objects. Knowledg , reason , problem.

8. The concrete objects can be abstract
Key

9. Bright
Literal
Figurative

10. Unique: when the referring expression has fixed reference.
4- unique and non-unique :
Unique: when the referring expression has fixed reference.
Lack Ontario , the dead see
Non-Unique: when the referring expression has verbal reference.
He swam in a lack.

11. *abstract - countable expressions : ideas , problems, suggestions .
5- countable and non countable : both of them might be concrete or abstract
*Concrete-countable expressions: items the are separated from one another. E.g. apple , pens.
*abstract - countable expressions : ideas , problems, suggestions .
*Concrete-non countable expressions: three references

12. 1- substances: ink, toothpaste.
2- numerous particles: sand , rice.
Collective: furniture, jewelry, luggage.
*abstract -non countable expressions : advice, information, beauty .

13. A dog is laying in the street. Dogs are laying in the street.
6-Generic and non generic:
A dog makes a fine pet.
Dogs make fine pet.
A dog is laying in the street.
Dogs are laying in the street.

14. We would like to have a dog.
7- specific and non specific.
We have a dog.
We would like to have a dog.