1. Lecture 1: Chemistry in our Lives Chemistry and Measurements
Course lecturer :
Dr. Altijana Hromić-Jahjefendić

2. I am... Assis. Prof. Dr. Altijana Hromić-Jahjefendić Born in Sarajevo
Studies in Austria
Came back 
I am not a monster! 

3. Office A F1.7
Office hours: Monday 14:00-16:00 Tuesday 11:00-14:00

4. Grading criteria Quizzes (2x) 2 x 5% = 10% Midterm exam
Homework’s (5x)
Lab tutorials (8x)
20%
15%
Final exam
40%
Total
100%

5. Book

6. Tutorials and exams 4 tutorials but 2 weeks each (8 in total)
Assistant: Jasmin Sutkovic, MSc
Beginning of tutorials:
Wednesay and Thursday in the afternoon
No tutorials during midterm exams (3 weeks)
First quiz: (Tuesday) – from the first lecture
Midterm exam: (Tuesday) – from the first lecture

7. Lecture 1: Chemistry in our Lives Chemistry and Measurements

8. Book chapters: 1 and 2
Pages: 2-23 and 23-57

9. Why we study Chemistry ?:
Chemistry of our lives
Why we study Chemistry ?:
Chemistry is the study of properties of substances and how they react with one another .
It is an experimental science based of the scientific method!
Hunderds of materials that we use EVERY DAY , directly and indirectly, are the products of chemical research.
For example: Plastics , Computer Chips, paper, fuels, cement, ceramics, sollar cells, Cosmetics and so on
WE NEED CHEMISTRY TO UNDERSTAND OUR ENVIRONMENT!!

10. Important chemistry processess in our life !
Digestion..
Cooking..
When you write with ink on paper..!
Steel is 94% iron and 6% carbon. The carbon forms complex bonds making steel so strong that you can bend an iron crowbar, but not a steel one.
ANYTHING that burns is undergoing a chemical reaction and almost always creates some form of carbon as waste.
Digestion; enzymes promoting chemical reactions that power our bodies. Lifting your arm requires your body to make and burn ATP using oxygen with carbon dioxide as one of the waste gases produced.
Cooking is the heating and combination of compounds to make something new. In some cases, like rising bread we have an actual chemical reaction where the yeast changes the food.
When you write with ink on paper, the ink and paper unite in a chemical reaction so that you can't erase it. Specialized inks allow a short period where you can erase some inks, but most inks dry and can't be erased; they have bound with the paper. This includes your pen and your ink jet printer.
The sun undergoes fusion, and yes that too is chemistry. It creates radiation and photons so we can see. Some of the radiation interacts with oxygen to create ozone and the ozone layer shields us from harmful UV radiation.
Steel is 94% iron and 6% carbon. The carbon forms complex bonds making steel so strong that you can bend an iron crowbar, but not a steel one. Steel is one of the most common construction materials, next to glass (a chemical combination of silicon), plastic (organic chemistry) and aluminum which is refined from bauxite ore using extremely high voltage--another instance of chemistry in action.
ANYTHING that burns is undergoing a chemical reaction and almost always creates some form of carbon as waste.

11. Figure1. Chemistry in every day life

12. Forensic scientist…
Most forensic scientists work in crime laboratories that are part of city or county legal systems where they analyze bodily fluids and tissue samples collected
by crime scene investigators. In analyzing these samples, a forensic scientist identifies the presence or absence of specific chemicals within the body to
help solve the criminal case. Some of the chemicals they look for include alcohol, illegal or prescription drugs, poisons, arson debris, metals, and various
gases such as carbon monoxide. In order to identify these substances, a variety of chemical instruments and highly specific methodologies are used. Forensic scientists also analyze samples from criminal suspects, athletes, and potential
employees. They also work on cases involving environmental contamination and animal samples for wildlife crimes. A forensic scientist usually has a bachelor’s degree that includes courses in math, chemistry, and biology

13. Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin transports oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide to the lungs.

14. Chemistry
Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter.
Matter - another word for all the substances that make up our world. Has mass and takes up space

15. Chemistry is not done only in lab…
Actually, chemistry happens all around you every day and has an impact on everything you use and do.
You are doing chemistry when you cook food, add bleach to your laundry, or start your car.

16. Antacid tablets undergo a chemical reaction
A chemical reaction has taken place when silver tarnishes or an antacid tablet fizzes when dropped into water

17. Chemicals
A chemical is a substance that always has the same composition and properties wherever it is found.
All the things you see around you are composed of one or more chemicals.

18. Scientific method…

19. Scientific method
Help to explain how scientists think….

20. As a child: touching and tasting
As a teenager: asking questions
As an adult: reading, searching, investigating

21. Approach …
1.Observations- look around you and ask yourself question !!
2. Hypothesis - Propose a hypothesis, which states a possible explanation of the observations.
The hypothesis must be stated in such a way that it can be tested by experiments.
3. Experiments.
4. Conclusion. When the results of the experiments are analyzed, a conclusion is made as to whether the hypothesis is true or false.

22. Scientific method
If we gather enough data about our subject we will be able to form a HYPOTHESIS.
Hypothesis is a proposed explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation!
To test the hypothesis we perform EXPERIMENTS .If the experiments support the hypothesis we will perform another experiments(under various conditions) to verify our statement.
After many confirmed experiments( the results are reproducible) we can CONCLUDE and state a LAW or Scientific law .
A law simply says what happens but doesn't explain it (why this happens).

23. Scientific method
Once a Law has been formulated, scientist try to develop a THEORY (unifying principle) that explains the law based on experimental methods( why nature behaved as it does ).
The theory can develop by time because new facts may arise.
Scientific method

24. Summary
Chemistry around us
Hypothesis
Scientific method

25. Lecture 2: Chemistry and Measurements
Course lecturer :
Dr. Altijana Hromić-Jahjefendić

26. Units of Measurements Metric system of measurements
Commom measuring system
The International System of Units (SI) is official system of measurements
Except in USA
In chemistry we use both: metric and SI (length, volume, mass, temperatute etc.)

28. Length The metric and SI unit is the meter (m)
Other units which are used in some countries are inch, yard, centimenter
1 m = 100 cm
1 m = 39.4 in
1 m = 1.09 yd
2.54 cm = 1 in

29. Volume Is the amount of space a substance occupies
A liter (L) is standard measurement
In lab we work with units of vollume that are smaller
Milliliter (mL)

30. Mass Is a measure of the quantity of material it contains
SI unit is kilogram (kg)
In the metric system the unit is gram (g)
In the lab we are using smaller units than kilogram

31. Temperature Tells us how hot or cold is something
To determine if we have fever
In the metric system is measured using Celsius temperature (°C)
In SI system is measured using Kelvin (K) temperature

32. Time SI and metric system unit is second (s)
We measure time in units like minutes (min), hours (h), days or years (yr)

33. Measured Numbers and Significant Figures
Measured numbers – obtained after quantity masurement (height, weight, temperature)
Significant figures – all digits including the estimated digit (zero may or may not be significant depending on its position in a number)

34. Exact numbers
Obtained by counting items or using a definition that compares two units in the same measuring system
Are not measured
Do not have a limited number of significant figures
Do not affect the number of significant figures in a calculated answer

35. Significant figures in calculations
Calculator
Faster
Can not think for you
Enter the number correctly, press the correct function key etc.

36. Rounding off Example: room of 5.52 m x 3.58 m
Each of measurement has 3 significant figures
Buying a carpet needs the surface
in the display
Too many numbers
The displayed number must be rounded off
19.8

37. Prefixes and Equalities
Special feature of SI as well as the metric system is prefix
Can be placed in front of any unit to increase or decrease its size by some factor of 10

40. Measuring Length Prefix + meter Centimeter (cm) Millimeter (mm)
We can compare the lengths
Equalities – show the relationship between two units that measure the same quantity
1 m = 100 cm
1 m = 1000 mm
1 cm = 10 mm

41. Measuring Volume
Liter
In lab (medical lab) is dL

42. Also equalities
1 L = 10 dL
1 L = 100 mL
Sometimes also cubic centimeter (cm3)
Has same volume as milliliter
1 cm3= 1 mL

43. Measuring mass Mass ususally recorded in kilograms
Laboratory tests in milligrams, grams or micrograms
1 kg = 1000 g
1 g = 1000 mg

44. Density Density = mass of substance/volume of substance
If we compare the mass of the object to its volume we obtain density
Density = mass of substance/volume of substance
Every substance has a unique density
Example: lead has density of 11.3 g/mL and cork has density of 0.26 g/mL
If an object is less dence than a liquid, the object floats when placed in that liquid

46. Metals have higher density
Gases have low

47. Calculating density Density: mass of HDL sample/volume of HDL sample
Example: HDL (“good cholesterol”)
Density: mass of HDL sample/volume of HDL sample
0.258 g/0.22 mL = 1.2 g/mL

48. Density of solids
The volume of solid can be determined by volume displacement
When a solid is completely submerged in water, it displaces a volume that is equal to the volume of the solid

49. Density measurements in medicine

50. Summary
Units of measurement
Rounding off
Density