1. Rome’s Greatest Enemy: Carthage
YOU CANNOT BE A GREAT HERO UNLESS YOU DEFEAT A GREAT ENEMY.

2. YOU CANNOT BE A GREAT HERO UNLESS YOU DEFEAT A GREAT ENEMY.
PREVIEW
EXAMINE THE TRUTH OF FOLLOWING STATEMENT IN A SHORT PARAGRAPH. PROVIDE AT LEAST TWO EXAMPLES TO SUPPORT YOUR ANSWER.
YOU CANNOT BE A GREAT HERO UNLESS YOU DEFEAT A GREAT ENEMY.

3. WHO IS CARTHAGE? Carthage was founded by the Phoenicians in 814 BC
The dominant commercial power in the western Mediterranean based in North Africa
A genetically blended people (Phoenician, Libyan, Numidian, African, etc.)
Supplied much of Greece with its agricultural needs
Wanted to be perceived as universalists so as not to disrupt their trading relationships.

4. CARTHAGINIAN RELIGION
Baal
Tanit
Astarte
Similar to Zeus and Jupiter
Chief goddess of Carthage = to Astarte
Similar to Ishtar, Isis, Aphrodite & Juno

5. HUMAN SACRIFICE
Excavations have shown the Carthaginians practiced ritual sacrifices of their first born sons
Tofets (sanctuary dedicated to Tanit with urns of cremated boys)
The tofet at Carthage had 7 layers of urns ranging over 600 years and goes all the way until the destruction of Carthage in 146 BC (only 10% was excavated and they already have over 3000 urns!)
No pathogens, no broken bones – all of the remains indicate the children were burned to death

7. CARTHAGINIAN GEOGRAPHY
ATLAS MOUNTAINS
RESOURCES
Virgil describes a very lush environment with many wild animals
Royal marble (reddish in color) was later taken from these mntns to use in the floor of the Pantheon

8. Why do rome and carthage go to war in the first place?
THE PUNIC WARS
Why do rome and carthage go to war in the first place?

9. SICILY… GREEK’S VISION OF HEAVEN… MEDITERANEAN BREADBASKET

10. They could not coincide as both nations sought to expand.
CASSUS BELLI
They could not coincide as both nations sought to expand.

11. FIRST PUNIC WAR (264 – 241 BC)
Starts with Roman aid to Messana against Carthage
264 BC is the 1st time the Romans leave Italy proper
Many ppl on Sicily identified with C. more than R.
The Roman province of Campania grew more influential and really supported the war – they had very fertile soil and were very wealthy due to agriculture and felt threatened by the Carthaginians
Romans have to build its first navy in order to compete with the Carthaginians for dominance of Sicily.

12. Battles on the Sea
Roman Navy
Quinqueremes
Used a beached C. warship as the model for their own navy.
1st two fleets are destroyed.
3rd fleet is privately purchased by Campanian nobility

13. And Battle on the Land
Hamilcar Barca
Rome Advances
The Romans gradually move across Sicily trying to cut of access to Carthage
However they never defeat Hamilcar Barca

15. TREATY OF LUTATIUS
Carthage forces Hamilcar Barca to negotiate despite the fact he never lost a battle
Carthage must remove all of its presence on Sicily
Carthage cannot ally with Syracuse
Carthage must pay a sum over 80 lbs of gold and silver
Hamilcar said this should be over 20 years, Carthage’s govt. agreed to 10
Carthage must destroy its navy
Carthage is soon plunged into the Mercenary War.
You should look up some info on the Mercenary War. It will give you a pretty healthy respect for Hamilcar Barca. He was absolutely ruthless.

16. THE MAKING OF A SOLDIER
HAMILCAR GOES TO SPAIN
HANNIBAL
He is so mad at the rulers of Carthage he leaves to restore its glory and wealth by conquering Spain
He takes with him his young sons Hannibal, Hasdrubal, and Mago

17. BUILDING A NEW EMPIRE HAMILCAR DOES VERY WELL IN SPAIN
AFTER HIS DEATH, HE IS FOLLOWED BY HIS SON IN LAW HASDRUBAL THE FAIR
AFTER HIS DEATH, HANNIBAL IS UNANIMOUSLY ELECTED LEADER BY THE ARMY

18. SECOND PUNIC WAR (218 – 201 BC)
Hannibal attacked a Roman ally in Spain, Saguntum
It took him 8 months to defeat the city but he gained a lot of wealth, slaves, and property
He then spent the next 8 months preparing to attack Rome – gains support from the Iberians and the Celt-Iberians in Spain by promising them more fertile land in Gaul
He bypasses the Roman troops sent to stop him by going through the Alps and descending on Italy from the North
He will spend the next 15 years terrifying the Romans

19. TREBIA LAKE TRASIMENE CANNAE MAJOR BATTLES
You should probably look these three battles up. It is not necessary to know every detail but have a general idea of Hannibal’s typical strategy and how the Romans usually played into his hands.

20. GNAEUS PUBLIUS CORNELIUS SCIPIO
THE SAVIOR OF ROME
GNAEUS PUBLIUS CORNELIUS SCIPIO
THE YOUNGER

21. THIRD PUNIC WAR (146 BC)
Cato the Elder declared “Carthago delenda est” or “Carthage must be destroyed!”
Rome attacks a weakened Carthage and utterly destroys the city
Rome punished the city by…
Razed the city
Sold all the survivors into slavery
Sowed salt in the fields to keep anyone from returning there